1. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 1 Notes to Chapter Five English 308

2. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 2 Text Fields Can be defined as “a distinguishable area of visual interest or attention” And can be thought of as paragraphs, series of paragraphs, pages, panels, screens, and other surfaces

3. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 3 It is not just a page

4. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 4 It is not just a page

5. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 5 Access to Information in a Field Can be enhanced by visual cues in Textual: headings, numbers, letters Spatial: paragraph blocks, lists, columns Graphic: bullets, shading, lines

6. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 6 Conventions of Text Fields— Textual Elements Headings: a road map that guides readers through a text Some conventional formats CenteredFlush LeftRun-inMarginalColumns

7. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 7 Conventions of Text Fields— Textual Elements Numbers and Letters Breaks text into lists Hierarchically arranges text using a scheme, such as I. First Part A. First Subpart 1. First sub-subpart Or 1.0 First Part 1.1 First subpart 1.1.1 First sub-subpart

8. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 8 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Breaking text into lists You won't be able to check for everything (and you don't have to), so you should find out what your typical problem areas are and look for each type of error individually. Here's how. Find out what errors you typically make. Review instructors' comments about your writing and/or review your paper(s) with a tutor. Learn how to fix those errors. Talk with your instructor and/or with a tutor. The instructor and the tutor can help you understand why you make the errors you do so that you can learn to avoid them. Use specific strategies. Use these strategies to find and correct your particular errors in usage and sentence structure, and spelling and punctuation. You won't be able to check for everything (and you don't have to), so you should find out what your typical problem areas are and look for each type of error individually. Here's how: 1. Find out what errors you typically make. Review instructors' comments about your writing and/or review your paper(s) with a tutor. 2. Learn how to fix those errors. Talk with your instructor and/or with a tutor. The instructor and the tutor can help you understand why you make the errors you do so that you can learn to avoid them. 3. Use specific strategies. Use these strategies to find and correct your particular errors in usage and sentence structure, and spelling and punctuation.

9. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 9 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Breaking text into lists An outline has a balanced structure based on parallelism, coordination, subordination and division. An outline has a balanced structure based on the following principles:  Parallelism  Coordination  Subordination  Division

10. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 10 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Adjusting Leading 1-pointLab Reports are one of the most common writing formats for engineering students. They should have enough detail so that someone else may replicate your work and have the same results. A lab report summarizes, in detail, what the student learned after completing an experiment or procedure. 2-point Lab Reports are one of the most common writing formats for engineering students. They should have enough detail so that someone else may replicate your work and have the same results. A lab report summarizes, in detail, what the student learned after completing an experiment or procedure. 3-point Lab Reports are one of the most common writing formats for engineering students. They should have enough detail so that someone else may replicate your work and have the same results. A lab report summarizes, in detail, what the student learned after completing an experiment or procedure. 4-pointLab Reports are one of the most common writing formats for engineering students. They should have enough detail so that someone else may replicate your work and have the same results. A lab report summarizes, in detail, what the student learned after completing an experiment or procedure.

11. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 11 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Justified Text Ragged RightThe lab report format is used in industry with minor variations to report on equipment analysis, feasibility studies, and original research done for the corporation. Once you are comfortable with writing a lab report, you will have one more skill that to use throughout your engineering career. Lab Reports are one of the most common writing formats for engineering students. They should have enough detail so that someone else may replicate your work and have the same results. A lab report summarizes, in detail, what the student learned after completing an experiment or procedure. JustifiedThe lab report format is used in industry with minor variations to report on equipment analysis, feasibility studies, and original research done for the corporation. Once you are comfortable with writing a lab report, you will have one more skill that to use throughout your engineering career. Lab Reports are one of the most common writing formats for engineering students. They should have enough detail so that someone else may replicate your work and have the same results. A lab report summarizes, in detail, what the student learned after completing an experiment or procedure.

12. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 12 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Columns Scientific research is a group activity. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses about phenomena. After experiments are completed and duplicated, researchers attempt to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses by presenting the data and their interpretations. The lab report or the scientific paper is the vehicle of persuasion; when it is published, it is available to other scientists for review. If the results stand up to criticism, they become part of the accepted body of scientific knowledge unless later disproved. In some cases, a report may not be persuasive in nature but instead is an archival record for future generations. For example, data on the distribution and frequency of rabid skunks in a certain year may be of use to future epidemiologists in deciding whether the incidence of rabies is increasing.

13. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 13 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Columns Scientific research is a group activity. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses about phenomena. After experiments are completed and duplicated, researchers attempt to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses by presenting the data and their interpretations. The lab report or the scientific paper is the vehicle of persuasion; when it is published, it is available to other scientists for review. If the results stand up to criticism, they become part of the accepted body of scientific knowledge unless later disproved. In some cases, a report may not be persuasive in nature but instead is an archival record for future generations. For example, data on the distribution and frequency of rabid skunks in a certain year may be of use to future epidemiologists in deciding whether the incidence of rabies is increasing.

14. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 14 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Columns (Mixed) Scientific research is a group activity. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses about phenomena. After experiments are completed and duplicated, researchers attempt to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses by presenting the data and their interpretations. The lab report or the scientific paper is the vehicle of persuasion; when it is published, it is available to other scientists for review. If the results stand up to criticism, they become part of the accepted body of scientific knowledge unless later disproved. In some cases, a report may not be persuasive in nature but instead is an archival record for future generations. For example, data on the distribution and frequency of rabid skunks in a certain year may be of use to future epidemiologists in deciding whether the incidence of rabies is increasing. A scientific report usually consists of the following: 1. Title 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Materials and methods 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Literature cited

15. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 15 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Field Grids—Two Column Grids A scientific report usually consists of the following: 1. Title 2. Abstract Scientific research is a group activity. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses about phenomena. After experiments are completed and duplicated, researchers attempt to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses by presenting the data and their interpretations. The lab report or the scientific paper is 3. Introduction 4. Materials and methods 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Literature cited the vehicle of persuasion; when it is published, it is available to other scientists for review. If the results stand up to criticism, they become part of the accepted body of scientific knowledge unless later disproved.

16. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 16 Conventions of Text Fields— Spatial Elements Field Grids—Two Column Grids Scientific research is a group activity. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses about phenomena. After experiments are completed and duplicated, researchers attempt to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses by presenting the data and their interpretations. The lab report or the scientific paper is A scientific report usually consists of the following: 1. Title 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Materials and methods 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Literature cited the vehicle of persuasion; when it is published, it is available to other scientists for review. If the results stand up to criticism, they become part of the accepted body of scientific knowledge unless later disproved.

17. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 17 Conventions of Text Fields— Graphic Elements Bullets and Other Highlighting Cues (from ITC Zapf Dingbats)     

18. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 18 Conventions of Text Fields— Graphic Elements Lines (Varying line widths) 1 point 2 point 3 point 4 point 5 point 6 point

19. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 19 Conventions of Text Fields— Graphic Elements Shading—measured as a gray-scale percentage ranging from 1 to 100 percent

20. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 20 Applying the Cognate Strategies How do we apply this rich visual vocabulary to text fields? We can do so by considering the six cognate strategies.

21. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 21 Arrangement Questions How can I use the visual structure of the field to map the text for my readers? Will visual hierarchy of the text field help? What text field conventions—headings, columns, lists—might best suit this situation?

22. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 22 Arrangement Strategies Headings—order and chunk text but also provide easy access to specific parts Lists and columns—can improve legibility and communicate logical relationships Bullets and linework can create arrangement strategies

23. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 23 Arrangement Strategies (cont.) The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Search Words Before you start a subject or keyword search on any of the on-line databases, you should work up a list of terms that may be relevant to your particular research project. The wrong keyword (or a misspelled one) can frustrate any project. The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Search Words Before you start a subject or keyword search on any of the on-line databases, you should work up a list of terms that may be relevant to your particular research project. The wrong keyword (or a misspelled one) can frustrate any project.

24. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 24 Emphasis Questions What part of the field do I want readers to notice first? What parts should be emphasized to improve readers’ understanding or draw readers in? When text and visuals appear in the same field, which needs greater prominence?

25. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 25 Emphasis Strategies Vary type size Increase figure-ground contrast Isolate text Placement on page affects emphasis Break text out into lists

26. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 26 Emphasis Strategies: Marginal Headings The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Search Words Before you start a subject or keyword search on any of the on-line databases, you should work up a list of terms that may be relevant to your particular research project. The wrong keyword (or a misspelled one) can frustrate any project. The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different.

27. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 27 Emphasis Strategies: Pull Quotes The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Search Words Before you start a subject or keyword search on any of the on-line databases, you should work up a list of terms that may be relevant to your particular research project. The wrong keyword (or a misspelled one) can frustrate any project. The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process.

28. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 28 Emphasis Strategies: Placement Affects Emphasis This stuff is more likely to be noticed than this stuff.

29. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 29 Emphasis Strategies: Listing Although the five-paragraph essay format does provide a basic organizational structure, there are many potential problems. For example, most newspaper editorials, magazine essays, scholarly articles, and other examples of writing of this general type don’t have five paragraphs. The reader usually needs some sort of context for the thesis, some idea of why he or she should be interested in reading about this now. In general this format doesn’t do much to engage the reader. Such essays are usually too short to require a summary at the end. The summary repeats ideas that the reader has just read about and hasn’t had time to forget. The format encourages too much repetition—often the same three phrases are repeated in the introduction, the body paragraphs, and the conclusion. The reader gets bored. If you follow this format too strictly, you are letting the form generate the content. In other words, you are putting far more emphasis on how you organize the content than on what you want to say, the purpose you have in mind, and what your readers need. Although the five-paragraph essay format does provide a basic organizational structure, there are many potential problems. To list a few: Most newspaper editorials, magazine essays, scholarly articles, and other examples of writing of this general type don’t have five paragraphs. The reader usually needs some sort of context for the thesis, some idea of why he or she should be interested in reading about this now. In general this format doesn’t do much to engage the reader. Such essays are usually too short to require a summary at the end. The summary repeats ideas that the reader has just read about and hasn’t had time to forget. The format encourages too much repetition—often the same three phrases are repeated in the introduction, the body paragraphs, and the conclusion. The reader gets bored. If you follow this format too strictly, you are letting the form generate the content. In other words, you are putting far more emphasis on how you organize the content than on what you want to say, the purpose you have in mind, and what your readers need.

30. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 30 Clarity Questions What design choices can I make to ensure that readers understand the message, line by line, paragraph by paragraph, or field by field? What kinds of field designs are my readers used to?

31. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 31 Clarity Strategies Watch Line lengths Leading Justified Text Visual Clutter

32. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 32 Clarity Strategies (cont.) Line lengths that are too short or too long can erode clarity Justified text can produce irregular spacing Contrary to what many students believe, there is no rule that says that a college essay, or any other kind of essay, must have five paragraphs and five paragraphs only. Paragraph divisions perform two functions: 1) they help the reader understand the text by organizing it into groups of ideas that work together, and 2) they help the eye return to the proper place in the text after looking away for a brief moment. A text without enough breaks is difficult to read because you keep losing your place.

33. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 33 Clarity Strategies (cont.) The longer the line, the more attention you must give to leading Contrary to what many students believe, there is no rule that says that a college essay, or any other kind of essay, must have five paragraphs and five paragraphs only. Paragraph divisions perform two functions: 1) they help the reader understand the text by organizing it into groups of ideas that work together, and 2) they help the eye return to the proper place in the text after looking away for a brief moment. L Contrary to what many students believe, there is no rule that says that a college essay, or any other kind of essay, must have five paragraphs and five paragraphs only. Paragraph divisions perform two functions: 1) they help the reader understand the text by organizing it into groups of ideas that work together, and 2) they help the eye return to the proper place in the text after looking away for a brief moment. 1 pt leading 2 pt leading 1 pt leading but shorter lines

34. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 34 Conciseness Questions How can I get the most impact for the least design? How can I avoid over-designing the field? If I decide to embellish the field, does that embellishment do enough rhetorical work to justify itself?

35. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 35 Conciseness Strategies Headings affect conciseness Leading affects conciseness Columns and margin width affect concisness Use of graphic elements affects conciseness

36. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 36 Conciseness Strategies: Headings Affect Conciseness The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: Should smoking be legal in the United States? Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Search Words Before you start a subject or keyword search on any of the on-line databases, you should work up a list of terms that may be relevant to your particular research project. The wrong keyword (or a misspelled one) can frustrate any project. Because the assignment this time requires that the topic focus on a person, event, issue or problem mentioned in one of the articles from the syllabus, this core article should be a good source of possible search terms. Any subsequent article you find may also be a source for new search terms. As the research process goes on, your searches should become more specific. The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different.

37. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 37 Conciseness Strategies: Leading Affects Conciseness 1-pt leading The process of language acquisition begins when we are born (or perhaps even before) and continues throughout our lives. We acquire words, grammatical forms, and syntactic structures from our social environment and later, from reading. Research has shown that writing skills, and the acquisition of written language, depend to a large extent on the amount and type of reading that an individual does. Sometimes when an individual becomes so involved with work and family that there is no time left for reading, language development, especially vocabulary acquisition, stops. If an individual in this situation finds it necessary to improve language skills, some sort of reading program is essential. 3-pt leading The process of language acquisition begins when we are born (or perhaps even before) and continues throughout our lives. We acquire words, grammatical forms, and syntactic structures from our social environment and later, from reading. Research has shown that writing skills, and the acquisition of written language, depend to a large extent on the amount and type of reading that an individual does. Sometimes when an individual becomes so involved with work and family that there is no time left for reading, language development, especially vocabulary acquisition, stops. If an individual in this situation finds it necessary to improve language skills, some sort of reading program is essential.

38. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 38 Conciseness Strategies: Overuse of Graphic Elements

39. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 39 Tone Questions How do I want the tone of the text field to sound to my readers: serious, friendly, formal, personable, low-key, energetic, technical? Which of these voices is appropriate for viewers in this field?

40. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 40 Tone Strategies: Formal and Informal Formal Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose will be. Less formal Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose will be.

41. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 41 Tone Strategies: Formal and Informal Less formal Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose will be. Less formal Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose will be.

42. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 42 Tone Strategies: Formal and Informal Less formal Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose will be. Less formal Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose will be.

43. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 43 Tone Strategies: Formal and Informal Formal 1.0 Brainstorm 1.1 Keep writing 1.2 Don't censor or evaluate 1.3 Keep returning to the problem 2.0 Talk to your reader 2.1 What questions would they ask? 2.2 What different kinds of readers might you have? 3.0 Ask yourself questions Less formal I. Brainstorm A. Keep writing B. Don't censor or evaluate C. Keep returning to the problem II Talk to your reader A. What questions would they ask? B. What different kinds of readers might you have? III. Ask yourself questions

44. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 44 Tone Strategies: Formal and Informal Less formal 1. Brainstorm Keep writing Don't censor or evaluate Keep returning to the problem 2. Talk to your reader What questions would they ask? What different kinds of readers might you have? 3. Ask yourself questions Less formal Brainstorm – Keep writing – Don't censor or evaluate – Keep returning to the problem Talk to your reader – What questions would they ask? – What different kinds of readers might you have? Ask yourself questions

45. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 45 Tone Strategies: What’s the Tone Here? EXPLORE the problem -- not the topic  Who is your reader?  What is your purpose?  Who are you, the writer? EXPLORE the problem -- not the topic  Who is your reader?  What is your purpose?  Who are you, the writer?

46. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 46 Tone Strategies: What’s the Tone Here? EXPLORE the problem -- not the topic  Who is your reader?  What is your purpose?  Who are you, the writer? EXPLORE the problem -- not the topic  Who is your reader?  What is your purpose?  Who are you, the writer?

47. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 47 Ethos Questions How can I design the text field so it creates credibility for me, the other authors, or the organization? How can design decisions in the other five categories enhance the visual credibility of this field?

48. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 48 Ethos Strategies Create a professional look Respect genre conventions Develop a style

49. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 49 Ethos Strategies: Professional and Stylish The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Search Words Before you start a subject or keyword search on any of the on-line databases, you should work up a list of terms that may be relevant to your particular research project. The wrong keyword (or a misspelled one) can frustrate any project. The Research Process Research papers are easy if you start early and work systematically. In this type of assignment you gather and interpret facts, ideas, theories, and opinions from articles written by others. As you do the research, your knowledge and expertise about your topic grows. In the finished paper, you use the information you gather for your own arguments and purposes. Choosing a Topic The topic should be something that you feel is important, interesting and worth exploring. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process. Even if you have an opinion, it is better to start with an open mind, ready to see the issues from other perspectives. As the research progresses and you learn more about the issues, the topic will become more focused and your position may solidify. It is useful to formulate your topic as a question you are trying to answer. Some samples: 1. Should smoking be legal in the United States? 2. Does the current welfare system create a cycle of poverty? 3. Should Affirmative Action programs be abolished? Remember that if too many people are working on the same topic area, the first person to the library will get the best sources. You may want to choose something a little different. Don’t worry if you don’t know what you think about the topic at the beginning of the process.

50. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 50 Ethos Strategies: Meet Genre Conventions Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies Alexander Hamilton Biology 110 October 24, 1995 Lab partners: Sharon Flynn, Andi Alexander INTRODUCTION All animals rely on senses of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival. Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in humans (Arms & Camp, 1995), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as experimental subjects because insects can be manipulated with ease and because their sensory-response system is relatively simple. Flies taste food by walking on it (Dethier, 1963). Hollow hairs around the proboscis and tarsi contain receptor neurons that can distinguish among water, salts, and sugars, and flies can distinguish among different sugars (Dethier, 1976). In this experiment we tested the ability of the blowfly Sarcophaga bullata to taste different sugars and a sugar substitute saccharin. Because sucrose is so sweet to people, I expected the flies to taste lower concentrations of sucrose than they would of maltose and glucose. Because saccharin is also sweet tasting to people, I expected the flies to respond positively to it as well. Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies Alexander Hamilton Biology 110 October 24, 1995 Lab partners: Sharon Flynn, Andi Alexander INTRODUCTION All animals rely on senses of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival. Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in humans (Arms & Camp, 1995), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as experimental subjects because insects can be manipulated with ease and because their sensory-response system is relatively simple. Flies taste food by walking on it (Dethier, 1963). Hollow hairs around the proboscis and tarsi contain receptor neurons that can distinguish among water, salts, and sugars, and flies can distinguish among different sugars (Dethier, 1976). In this experiment we tested the ability of the blowfly Sarcophaga bullata to taste different sugars and a sugar substitute saccharin. Because sucrose is so sweet to people, I expected the flies to taste lower concentrations of sucrose than they would of maltose and glucose. Because saccharin is also sweet tasting to people, I expected the flies to respond positively to it as well.

51. 10/9/2015 Designing Visual Language-Chapter 5 51 Ethos Strategies: Meet Genre Conventions February 26, 2003 The Lone Gunmen 26 Bradley Road Los Angeles, CA 90024 Dear Readers, What Happened at Port Chicago? It was August 6, 1945 when a blinding flash cut across the sky of Hiroshima causing the eventual death of some 80,000 men, women and children. But a year earlier in July, 1944 a huge explosion had occurred at the naval ammunition facility at Port Chicago, California. All contemporary accounts described the disaster as due to conventional explosives but an odd quirk of fate worthy of a Perry Mason show or a mystery novel started author Peter Vogel probing in other directions. The results of that quest which we will summarize here was published in the Spring 1982 issue of The Black Scholar in an article called The Last Wave From Port Chicago by Peter Vogel. In the spring of 1980 the author found a document at the bottom of a box of photographic equipment and supplies from a church rummage sale. That document was entitled the "History of the 10,000 ton gadget" and had come from Los Alamos laboratories in Autumn of 1944. Many people might have never paid any attention to this paper which was a previously top secret technical description of the timing of the various events taking place within a nuclear explosion after detonation. The "history" proceeds through a number of steps indicating, for example, the detonation wave reaching the tamper in.067 milliseconds (step 2), The tamper being fully compressed at.127 ms (step 3), ball of fire fully expanded at approximately 160 ms (step 8). But the Rosetta stone here was step 11. It stated: "Ball of fire mushroom THE LONE GUNMEN What Happened at Port Chicago? It was August 6, 1945 when a blinding flash cut across the sky of Hiroshima causing the eventual death of some 80,000 men, women and children. But a year earlier in July, 1944 a huge explosion had occurred at the naval ammunition facility at Port Chicago, California. All contemporary accounts described the disaster as due to conventional explosives but an odd quirk of fate worthy of a Perry Mason show or a mystery novel started author Peter Vogel probing in other directions. The results of that quest which we will summarize here was published in the Spring 1982 issue of The Black Scholar in an article called The Last Wave From Port Chicago by Peter Vogel. In the spring of 1980 the author found a document at the bottom of a box of photographic equipment and supplies from a church rummage sale. That document was entitled the "History of the 10,000 ton gadget" and had come from Los Alamos laboratories in Autumn of 1944. Many people might have never paid any attention to this paper which was a previously top secret technical description of the timing of the various events taking place within a nuclear explosion after detonation. The "history" proceeds through a number of steps indicating, for example, the detonation wave reaching the tamper in.067 milliseconds (step 2), The tamper being fully compressed at.127 ms (step 3), ball of fire fully expanded at approximately 160 ms (step 8). But the Rosetta stone here was step 11. It stated: "Ball of fire mushroom (sic) out at 18,000 ft in typical Port Chicago fashion." This line set off alarm bells. The author learned that the Port Chicago explosion was indeed characterized by a brilliant white flash and that a ball of fire mushroomed out to at least 10,000 feet before it was obscured by nightfall. So now the author had a few questions come to mind that needed some answers: > "Did the U.S. in fact have the capability