1. Submitted to: D.Dana Adas. Prepared by: Mahran Ramahi. Omar Al-Taher. 2010-2011

2. LIST OF CONTENT: Part One: Earthquake Definition. Part Two: Earthquakes Measurement Methods. Part Three: Earthquakes Estimations. Part Four: Great Earthquakes History. Part Five: Earthquakes Safety Tips : A. Before an Earthquakes. B. During an Earthquakes. C. After an Earthquakes.

3. PART ONE: EARTHQUAKE DEFINITION What is an Earthquake ? An Earthquake is a sudden movement of the earth's surface according to the rapid release of energy. Most earthquakes ( 90% ) occur along the edge of oceanic.

4. Earthquake size: To accurately describe the scale of intensity of an earthquake, a proper scientific method was developed by scientists devoted to earthquake study, who are called seismologists. > two ways to measure : 1. Magnitude: Richter Scale. 2. Intensity: Mercalli Scale. Richter Scale Vs. Mercalli Scale: The Richter and Mercalli scales are different in nature. The Mercalli scale is largely subjective as it measures the intensity of earthquake, whereas Richter scale is an objective and numerical measurement based on readings taken by seismometers. PART TWO: EARTHQUAKES MEASUREMENT

5. MagnitudeClassEarthquake Effects Estimated Number Each Year 2.5 or lessVery Minor Usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph. 900,000 2.5 to 5.4Minor Often felt, but only causes minor damage. 30,000 5.5 to 6.0Moderate Slight damage to buildings and other structures. 500 6.1 to 6.9Strong May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas. 100 7.0 to 7.9Major Major earthquake. Serious damage. 20 8.0 or greaterGreat Great earthquake. Can totally destroy communities near the epicenter. One every 5 to 10 years PART THREE: EARTHQUAKES ESTIMATIONS

6. LocationDateMagnitudeCasualties Lisbon, PortugalNov 1, 17558.660,000 people killed San Francisco, California Apr 18, 19068.3700 people killed Kansu, ChinaDec 16, 19208.5200,000 people killed Tokyo-Yokohama, JapanSep 1, 19238.3143,000 people killed Agadir, MoroccoJan 13, 19605.912,500 people killed Tangshan, ChinaJul 27, 19768.0255,000 people killed Mexico City, MexicoSep 19, 19858.19,500 people killed Armenia, USSRDec 7, 19886.825,000 people killed Loma Prieta, CaliforniaOct 17, 19897.062 people killed Northridge, CaliforniaJan 17, 19946.860 people killed Kobe, JapanJan 16, 19956.85,530 people killed Gölcük, TurkeyAug 17, 19997.617,000 people killed Nantou, TaiwanSep 20, 19997.61,800 people killed BengKulu, IndonesiaJun 4, 20007.9N/A India/Pakistan BorderJan 26, 20017.920,000+ people killed SumatraDec 26 20049.1283,106 people killed Tōhoku, JapanMar 11 20119.0N/A PART FOUR: GREAT EARTHQUAKES HISTORY

7. PART FIVE: EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS

8. EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS…………..CONT.

12. A Caution That aftershocks and subsequent earthquakes can be even more damaging than the initial shock so take that in consideration and be ready. So this is all about Earthquakes. For more detailed information you can Google it.

13. Thanks for the audience