1.  Point of View

2. Narrators:  Omniscient or all knowing- a narrator who has the ability to move freely through the consciousness of any character. The omniscient narrator also has complete knowledge of all of the external events in a story.

3. Narrators:  Participant or first person narrator- a narrator who is a participant in the action. Such a narrator refers to himself or herself as “I” and may be a major or minor character in the story.

4. Narrator:  Observer- a first person narrator who is relatively detached from or plays only a minor role in the events described.

5. Narrator:  Nonparticipant or third person narrator- a narrator who does not appear in the story as a character, but is usually capable of revealing the thoughts and motives of one or more characters.

6. Narrator:  Innocent or naïve narrator- A character who fails to understand all the implications of the story he or she tells. The innocent narrator, often a child or childlike adult, is frequently used by an author to generate irony, sympathy, or pity by creating a gap between what the narrator perceives and what the reader knows.

7. Narrator:  Unreliable narrator- a narrator who, intentionally or unintentionally, relates events in a subjective or distorted manner. The author usually provides some indication early on in such stories that the narrator is not to be completely trusted.

8. Point of View  The angle or perspective from which the story is told. To identify the point of view describe the role the narrator plays in the events and any limits placed on his or her knowledge of the events. Usually, the writer maintains one point of view from beginning to end, but the writer can change points of view as well

9. Source:  Glau, Gregory R., Barry M. Maid, and Duane Roen. The McGraw-Hill Guide Writing for College, Writing for Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

10. Point of View  Total omniscience- total knowledge of all characters  Limited- An omniscient narrator sees into some, but not all characters  Impartial omniscience – The narrator presents the thoughts and actions of the characters but does not judge or comment on them.

11. Point of View  Editorial Omniscience- The narrator does not just report on the thoughts of his characters, but makes critical judgment or commentary  Objective point of view- a third person narrator merely reports dialogue and action with little or no interpretation or access to the characters’ minds

12. Narrative Techniques  Interior Monologue- An extended presentation of a character’s thoughts in a narrative The interior monologue reads as if the character were speaking aloud to himself or herself for the reader to overhear.

13. Narrative Techniques  Stream of Consciousness- Modern narration that uses various literary devices especially interior monologue in an attempt to duplicate the subjective and associative nature of human consciousness.