1. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 1 Chapter 2 Getting Started with Java Animated Version

2. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 2 Objectives After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to Identify the basic components of Java programs Write simple Java programs Describe the difference between object declaration and creation Describe the process of creating and running Java programs Use the Date, SimpleDateFormat, String, and JOptionPane standard classes Develop Java programs, using the incremental development approach

3. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 3 The First Java Program The fundamental OOP concept illustrated by the program: An object-oriented program uses objects. This program displays a window on the screen. The size of the window is set to 300 pixels wide and 200 pixels high. Its title is set to My First Java Program.

4. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 4 Program Ch2Sample1 import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Sample1 { public static void main(String[ ] args) { JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Declare a name Create an object Use an object

5. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 5 Program Diagram for Ch2Sample1 myWindow : JFrame Ch2Sample1 setSize(300, 200) setTitle(“My First Java Program”) setVisible(true)

6. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 6 Dependency Relationship myWindow : JFrame Ch2Sample1 Instead of drawing all messages, we summarize it by showing only the dependency relationship. The diagram shows that Ch2Sample1 “depends” on the service provided by myWindow.

7. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 7 More Examples Object Declaration JFrame myWindow; Accountcustomer; Studentjan, jim, jon; Vehiclecar1, car2; Object Name One object is declared here. Object Name One object is declared here. Class Name This class must be defined before this declaration can be stated. Class Name This class must be defined before this declaration can be stated.

8. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 8 Object Creation myWindow = new JFrame ( ) ; More Examples customer = new Customer( ); jon= new Student(“John Java”); car1= new Vehicle( ); Object Name Name of the object we are creating here. Object Name Name of the object we are creating here. Class Name An instance of this class is created. Class Name An instance of this class is created. Argument No arguments are used here. Argument No arguments are used here.

9. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 9 Declaration vs. Creation Customer customer; customer = new Customer( ); Customer customer; customer = new Customer( ); 1. The identifier customer is declared and space is allocated in memory. 2. A Customer object is created and the identifier customer is set to refer to it. 1 2 customer 1 : Customer 2

10. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 10 State-of-Memory vs. Program customer : Customer State-of-Memory Notation customer : Customer Program Diagram Notation

11. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 11 Name vs. Objects Customer customer; customer = new Customer( ); Customer customer; customer customer = new Customer( ); : Customer Created with the first new. Created with the second new. Reference to the first Customer object is lost.

12. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 12 Sending a Message myWindow. setVisible ( true ) ; More Examples account.deposit( 200.0 ); student.setName(“john”); car1.startEngine( ); Object Name Name of the object to which we are sending a message. Object Name Name of the object to which we are sending a message. Method Name The name of the message we are sending. Method Name The name of the message we are sending. Argument The argument we are passing with the message. Argument The argument we are passing with the message.

13. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 13 JFrame myWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle (“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); Execution Flow myWindow.setSize(300, 200); Jframe myWindow; myWindow myWindow.setVisible(true); State-of-Memory Diagram : JFrame width height title visible 200 My First Java … 300 true myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setTitle (“My First Java Program”); The diagram shows only four of the many data members of a JFrame object. Program Code

14. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 14 Program Components A Java program is composed of –comments, –import statements, and –class declarations.

15. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 15 /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displaying a Window File: Ch2Sample2.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Sample1 { public static void main(String[ ] args) { JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Program Component: Comment Comment

16. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 16 Matching Comment Markers /* This is a comment on one line */ /* Comment number 1 */ /* Comment number 2 */ /* This is a comment */ Error: No matching beginning marker. These are part of the comment.

17. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 17 Three Types of Comments /* This is a comment with three lines of text. */ Multiline Comment Single line Comments // This is a comment // This is another comment // This is a third comment /** * This class provides basic clock functions. In addition * to reading the current time and today ’ s date, you can * use this class for stopwatch functions. */ javadoc Comments

18. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 18 Import Statement /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displaying a Window File: Ch2Sample2.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Sample1 { public static void main(String[ ] args) { JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Import Statement

19. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 19 Import Statement Syntax and Semantics. ; e.g. dorm. Resident; More Examples import javax.swing.JFrame; import java.util.*; import com.drcaffeine.simplegui.*; Class Name The name of the class we want to import. Use asterisks to import all classes. Class Name The name of the class we want to import. Use asterisks to import all classes. Package Name Name of the package that contains the classes we want to use. Package Name Name of the package that contains the classes we want to use.

20. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 20 Packages The classes of the Java standard class library are organized into packages Some of the packages in the standard class library are: Package java.lang java.applet java.awt javax.swing java.net java.util javax.xml.parsers Purpose General support (System, String) outomatic Creating applets for the web Graphics and graphical user interfaces Additional graphics capabilities Network communication Utilities XML document processing

21. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 21 Class Declaration /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displaying a Window File: Ch2Sample2.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Sample1 { public static void main(String[ ] args) { JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Class Declaration

22. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 22 Method Declaration /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displaying a Window File: Ch2Sample2.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Sample1 { public static void main(String[ ] args) { JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Method Declaration

23. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 23 Method Declaration Elements public static void main( String[ ] args ){ JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Method Body Modifier Return Type Method Name Parameter

24. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 24 Template for Simple Java Programs /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displaying a Window File: Ch2Sample2.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Sample1 { public static void main(String[ ] args) { JFramemyWindow; myWindow = new JFrame( ); myWindow.setSize(300, 200); myWindow.setTitle(“My First Java Program”); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Import Statements Class Name Comment Method Body

25. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 25 Edit-Compile-Run Cycle Step1: you type the program using an editor and save the program to a file Step 3 :Another software tool, called an interpreter, translates bytecode into machine language and executes it Step2 : Compile the source file. The compiler check the syntax error, then if the compilation is successful, then bytecode file is created. Java Compiler Java bytecode Java bytecode is not the machine language for any traditional CPU Bytecode Interpreter Machine Code myProgram.exe Java source code JCreator editor

26. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 26 Errors A program can have three types of errors The compiler will find syntax errors and other basic problems (compile-time errors) –If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the program is not created A problem can occur during program execution, such as trying to divide by zero, which causes a program to terminate abnormally (run-time “ execution” errors) A program may run, but produce incorrect results, perhaps using an incorrect formula (logical errors)

27. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 27 Why Use Standard Classes When there are existing objects that satisfy our needs, use them. Learning how to use standard Java classes is the first step toward mastering OOP. Before we can learn how to define our own classes, we need to learn how to use existing classes We will introduce four standard classes here: –JOptionPane - Scanner & System.out –String - Math & Random –Date –SimpleDateFormat.

28. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 28 Standard Output The program needs to display results or Strings Java uses Console Window called “ Stander Output Window “ to display via System.out The System.out object represents a destination (the monitor screen) to which we can send output System.out.println (" A Hadith by Prophet Mohammed:"); object method name information provided to the method (parameters)

29. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 29 Standard Output The System.out object provides another service as well The print method is similar to the println method, except that it does not advance to the next line Therefore anything printed after a print statement will appear on the same line System.out.print ("Three... "); System.out.print ("Two... "); System.out.print ("One... "); System.out.print ("Zero... "); System.out.println ("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line System.out.println ("Houston, we have a problem.") Three... Two... One... Zero... Liftoff! Houston, we have a problem.

30. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 30 Escape Sequences Some Java escape sequences: Escape Sequence \b \t \n \r \" \' \\ Meaning backspace tab newline carriage return double quote single quote backslash

31. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 31 String The textual values passed to the print method are instances of the String class. A sequence of characters separated by double quotes is a String constant. There are close to 50 methods defined in the String class. We will introduce some of them here: substring, length, indexOf, and others. We will also introduce a string operation called concatenation.

32. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 32 String is an Object 1. The identifier name is declared and space is allocated in memory. 2. A String object is created and the identifier name is set to refer to it. 1 2 name 1 String name; name = new String(“Jon Java”); String name; name = new String(“Jon Java”); 2 : String Jon Java

33. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 33 String Indexing The position, or index, of the first character is 0.

34. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 34 String Methods Once a String object has been created, neither its value nor its length can be changed Thus we say that an object of the String class is immutable However, several methods of the String class return new String objects that are modified versions of the original char charAt( int index); String replace (char oldChar, char newChar); int compareTo(String str); String substring (int offset, int endIndex); String concat (String str); String toLowerCase(); boolean equals(String str); String toUpperCase(); boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str); int length();

35. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 35 Definition: substring Assume str is a String object and properly initialized to a string. str.substring( i, j ) will return a new string by extracting characters of str from position i to j-1 where 0  i  length of str, 0  j  length of str, and i  j. If str is “programming”, then str.substring(3, 7) will create a new string whose value is “gram” because g is at position 3 and m is at position 6. The original string str remains unchanged.

36. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 36 Examples: substring String text = “Espresso”; text.substring(6,8) text.substring(0,8) text.substring(1,5) text.substring(3,3) text.substring(4,2) “so” “Espresso” “spre” error “”

37. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 37 Definition: length Assume str is a String object and properly initialized to a string. str.length( ) will return the number of characters in str. If str is “programming”, then str.length( ) will return 11 because there are 11 characters in it. The original string str remains unchanged.

38. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 38 Examples: length String str1, str2, str3, str4; str1 = “Hello” ; str2 = “Java” ; str3 = “” ; //empty string str4 = “ “ ; //one space str1.length( ) str2.length( ) str3.length( ) str4.length( ) 5 4 1 0

39. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 39 Definition: indexOf Assume str and substr are String objects and properly initialized. str.indexOf( substr ) will return the first position substr occurs in str. If str is “programming” and substr is “gram”, then str.indexOf(substr ) will return 3 because the position of the first character of substr in str is 3. If substr does not occur in str, then –1 is returned. The search is case-sensitive.

40. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 40 Examples: indexOf String str; str = “I Love Java and Java loves me.” ; str.indexOf( “J” ) str2.indexOf( “love” ) str3. indexOf( “ove” ) str4. indexOf( “Me” ) 7 21 3 3721

41. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 41 Definition: concatenation Assume str1 and str2 are String objects and properly initialized. str1 + str2 will return a new string that is a concatenation of two strings. If str1 is “pro” and str2 is “gram”, then str1 + str2 will return “program”. Notice that this is an operator and not a method of the String class. The strings str1 and str2 remains the same.

42. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 42 Examples: concatenation String str1, str2; str1 = “Jon” ; str2 = “Java” ; str1 + str2 str1 + “ “ + str2 str2 + “, “ + str1 “Are you “ + str1 + “?” “JonJava” “Java, Jon” “Are you Jon?”

43. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 43 2-43 String Concatenation The + operator is also used for arithmetic addition The function that it performs depends on the type of the information on which it operates If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and one is a number, it performs string concatenation If both operands are numeric, it adds them The + operator is evaluated left to right, but parentheses can be used to force the order System.out.println ("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45); System.out.println ("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));

44. Interactive Programs Programs generally need input on which to operate The Scanner class provides convenient methods for reading input values of various types A Scanner object can be set up to read input from various sources, including the user typing values on the keyboard –Scanner (InputStream source) –Scanner (File source) –Scanner (String source) Keyboard input is represented by the System.in object

45. Reading Input The following line creates a Scanner object that reads from the keyboard: Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); The new operator creates the Scanner object Once created, the Scanner object can be used to invoke various input methods, such as: answer = scan.nextLine(); The Scanner class is part of the java.util class library, and must be imported into a program to be used The nextLine method reads all of the input until the end of the line is found

46. Echo.java import java.util.Scanner; public class Echo { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads a character string from the user and prints it. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main (String[] args) { String message; Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println ("Enter a line of text:"); message = scan.nextLine(); System.out.println ("You entered: \"" + message + "\""); } Enter a line of text: Set your laser printer on stun! You entered: " Set your laser printer on stun! "

47. Input Tokens white space is used to separate the elements (called tokens) of the input White space includes space characters, tabs, new line characters The next method of the Scanner class reads the next input token and returns it as a string Methods such as nextInt and nextDouble read data of particular types. –nextBoolean(), nextLong(), etc… –Boolean hasnext()

48. GasMileage.java import java.util.Scanner; public class GasMileage { // Calculates fuel efficiency based on values entered by the user. public static void main (String[] args) { int miles; double gallons, mpg; Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.print ("Enter the number of miles: "); miles = scan.nextInt(); System.out.print ("Enter the gallons of fuel used: "); gallons = scan.nextDouble(); mpg = miles / gallons; System.out.println ("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg); } Enter the number of miles: 328 Enter the gallons of fuel used: 11.2 Miles Per Gallon: 29.28571428571429

49. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 49 Date The Date class from the java.util package is used to represent a date. When a Date object is created, it is set to today (the current date set in the computer) The class has toString method that converts the internal format to a string. Date today; today = new Date( ); today.toString( ); “Fri Oct 31 10:05:18 PST 2003”

50. Chapter 2 - 50 SimpleDateFormat The SimpleDateFormat class allows the Date information to be displayed with various format. Table 2.1 page 62 shows the formatting options. import java.text.*; -------------------- Date today = new Date( ); SimpleDateFormat sdf1, sdf2; sdf1 = new SimpleDateFormat( “MM/dd/yy” ); sdf2 = new SimpleDateFormat( “MMMM dd, yyyy” ); sdf1.format(today); sdf2.format(today); “10/31/03” “October 31, 2003”

51. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 51 JOptionPane Using showMessageDialog of the JOptionPane class is a simple way to display a result of a computation to the user. JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “I Love Java”); This dialog will appear at the center of the screen.

52. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 52 Displaying Multiple Lines of Text We can display multiple lines of text by separating lines with a new line marker \n. JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “one\ntwo\nthree”);

53. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 53 JOptionPane for Input Using showInputDialog of the JOptionPane class is a simple way to input a string. String name; name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog (null, “What is your name?”); This dialog will appear at the center of the screen ready to accept an input.

54. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 54 Problem Statement Problem statement: Write a program that asks for the user’s first, middle, and last names and replies with their initials. Example: input: Andrew Lloyd Weber output: ALW

55. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 55 Overall Plan Identify the major tasks the program has to perform. We need to know what to develop before we develop! Tasks: –Get the user’s first, middle, and last names –Extract the initials and create the monogram –Output the monogram

56. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 56 Development Steps We will develop this program in two steps: 1.Start with the program template and add code to get input 2.Add code to compute and display the monogram

57. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 57 Step 1 Design The program specification states “get the user’s name” but doesn’t say how. We will consider “how” in the Step 1 design We will use JOptionPane for input Input Style Choice #1 Input first, middle, and last names separately Input Style Choice #2 Input the full name at once We choose Style #2 because it is easier and quicker for the user to enter the information

58. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 58 Step 1 Code /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displays the Monogram File: Step1/Ch2Monogram.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Monogram { public static void main (String[ ] args) { String name; name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter your full name (first, middle, last):“); JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, name); }

59. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 59 Step 1 Test In the testing phase, we run the program and verify that –we can enter the name –the name we enter is displayed correctly

60. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 60 Step 2 Design Our programming skills are limited, so we will make the following assumptions: –input string contains first, middle, and last names –first, middle, and last names are separated by single blank spaces Example John Quincy Adams(okay) John Kennedy(not okay) Harrison, William Henry (not okay)

61. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 61 Step 2 Design (cont’d) Given the valid input, we can compute the monogram by –breaking the input name into first, middle, and last –extracting the first character from them –concatenating three first characters “Aaron Ben Cosner” “Aaron” “Ben Cosner” “Ben” “Cosner” “ABC”

62. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 62 Step 2 Code /* Chapter 2 Sample Program: Displays the Monogram File: Step 2/Ch2MonogramStep2.java */ import javax.swing.*; class Ch2Monogram { public static void main (String[ ] args) { String name, first, middle, last, space, monogram; space = " “; //Input the full name name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter your full name (first, middle, last):“ );

63. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 63 Step 2 Code (cont’d) //Extract first, middle, and last names first = name.substring(0, name.indexOf(space)); name = name.substring(name.indexOf(space)+1, name.length()); middle = name.substring(0, name.indexOf(space)); last = name.substring(name.indexOf(space)+1, name.length()); //Compute the monogram monogram = first.substring(0, 1) + middle.substring(0, 1) + last.substring(0,1); //Output the result JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Your monogram is " + monogram); }

64. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 64 Step 2 Test In the testing phase, we run the program and verify that, for all valid input values, correct monograms are displayed. We run the program numerous times. Seeing one correct answer is not enough. We have to try out many different types of (valid) input values.

65. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 - 65 Program Review The work of a programmer is not done yet. Once the working program is developed, we perform a critical review and see if there are any missing features or possible improvements One suggestion –Improve the initial prompt so the user knows the valid input format requires single spaces between the first, middle, and last names