1. The “Eastern Question”  1870s--constant crisis in the Balkans (who would control region?)  Russia's dream since reign of Catherine the Great was to retake the Balkans and ultimately Constantinople  Pan-Slavism: Idea of uniting all Slavs in Europe under one gov't (Russia)  Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire by 1878 and seemed poised to dominate the Balkans…more on Friday!

2. The “Eastern Question”  Britain refused to accept Russian hegemony in Balkans and sent navy to help Turks  Extreme nationalistic spirit as demonstrated through an aggressive foreign policy - occurs in Britain; known as jingoism  Bismarck offered to mediate the crisis (came to be the Congress of Berlin)

3. Imperialism and Empire - Africa  1880 – Most of Africa consisted of independent states  Berlin Conference  1880 - Europeans controlled 10% of Africa  By 1914 – With the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans

4. Berlin Conference (1884-1885): Effects  Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa  Sought to prevent conflict over imperialism  Conference coincided with Germany's rise as an imperial power  Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa  Russia left the conference with little despite defeating the Turks  Informally created new alliance system

5. Berlin Conference : Effects  Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro become independent states  Austrian acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina  Transfer of Cyprus to Great Britain

6. Berlin Conference: European Empires Expanding  Germany  took control of Cameroon, Togo, southwest Africa, & East Africa  France  Controlled Tunisia, Algeria, French West Africa (including Morocco, Sahara, Sudan, Congo basin)  Italy  Controlled Libya  Great Britain  Egypt & Sudan  Battle of Omdurman (1898)  General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (use of machine gun) while only 28 Britons died

9. Modernization and Expansion in Egypt and Ethiopia: Muhammad Ali Napoleon’s successor in Egypt = Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) Eliminated rivals (ruled 1805-1848) Political, social and economic reforms created modern Egypt Wanted military strength for defense against Europe Used European experts and techniques Transformed landholding, increased agricultural production, modern administration and army European-style state school system; opened military college at Aswan Used peasants to cultivate cotton for exports to pay expenses Combined Western methods and technology with Islamic religious and cultural traditions By end of reign: population doubled trade with Europe up 600%, new class of educated people provided own textiles, paper, weapons and military uniforms

10. Egypt  protectorate of Great Britain (1883 -1956)  model for the "new imperialism"  Egypt's inability to satisfy foreign investors led to control of its finances by France & Britain  Safeguarding the Suez Canal (completed in 1869) played a key role in the British occupation of Egypt and its bloody conquest of the Sudan

11. South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)  Cecil Rhodes had become Prime Minister of Cape Colony  sponsor of the Cape-to Cairo dream ~ British domination of the African continent  Diamonds & gold were discovered  Region controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers)  Kruger Telegram (1902)  Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) dispatched telegram to Boers congratulating them on defeating British invaders without need of German assistance  Anger swept through Britain aimed at Germany  Massive British force eventually defeated Boers (1910)  The Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa.

12. White Man’s Burden Assignment  Read Ethel Wood packet pg. 431 (inset text)  Explain the term ‘White Man’s Burden’. What does it mean?  How was the White Man’s Burden true? How was it false?  What are some positive impacts of the Scramble for Africa? Negative Impacts? (for Africa)  Do educated, developed and wealthy nations have a responsibility to under-developed nations? Why/Why not?  Do educated and wealthy people have a responsibility to under- privileged people? Why/Why not?  Do you agree or disagree with Social Darwinism? Explain your answer.