1. Brain Drain and the Academic and Intellectual Labour Market in Croatia Greta Pifat-Mrzljak Luka Juroš Vlasta Vizek Vidović Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb UNESCO Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb

2. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Croatia – Facts and Figures Population: 4,37 million 6 universities, 7 polytechnics 17 independent post-secondary schools (11 of them private) 28 public research institutes System of higher education employs 9,570 people Public research institutes employ 1,475 people Higher education graduates make 7.3% of the total population

3. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Higher education profile 1971-2001 YearNumber of persons with higher education % in total population 197174,3762.20 1981131,9373.60 1991204,0665.30 2001267,9957.27 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Croatia, 2001, www.dzs.hrwww.dzs.hr

4. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of scientists and researchers in 2003 Total In research organisations10,161 Outside research organisations3,679 Retired2,325 TOTAL16,165 Source: Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, 2004

5. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Structure of scientists and researchers in 2003

6. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Human potential in R&D activities in public institutions in 2003

7. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Employment in science in 1998

8. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Scientific production by number of cited texts (1998)

9. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Proportion of state budget for science in GDP

10. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Budget structure for science and higher education (in millions of kuna)

11. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Ministry of Science and Technology expenditure in 2003 1/3 of total funds allocated to science 60% allocated to higher education

12. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Sources of funding for research and development in 1998

13. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of junior researchers in 2003 Scientific areasTotal Natural sciences449 Engineering486 Biomedicine and health374 Biotechnical178 Social sciences353 Humanities323 Types of institutions Public institutes 499 Higher education institutions 1,526 Other institutions138 Total number of junior researchers: 2,163

14. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Scholarship exchanges on the basis of bilateral programmes from Croatia YearNumber of scholarships Number of research months 2000130337 2001145606 2002143603

15. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Student enrolments in 2002/03 by scientific disciplines

16. Number of graduates from HE institutions 1991-2000 Total number of graduates: 105,535

17. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Prospective students in academic year 2004/2005 University and professional studies atTotal University of Zagreb13,551 University of Osijek4,879 University of Rijeka5,830 University of Split8,136 University of Zadar1,005 University of Dubrovnik900 TOTAL34,301

18. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of undergraduate students at University of Zagreb

19. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of full-time employed staff at University of Zagreb

20. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Potential migrations of young scientists 1990-2000 Young scientists 1990 Young scientists 1998 Young scientists 2000 Young scientists with offers to go abroad Potential base for brain drain 78.7%56.0%66.7%21.7% Decided to go abroad 11.7%7.3%2.4% TOTAL 24.1% Source: M. Adamović, 2003

21. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Brain drain of Croatian scientists by disciplines and titles 1990-2000 Source: "Večernji list" January 19, 2001; M. Adamović, 2003 Natural sciences 244 Technical sciences 249 Biomedicine 139 Others 217 TOTAL849 PhD 34640.75% MSc 31937.57% Young scientists 18421.67%

22. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Statistical estimation on number of persons with high education leaving Croatia Estimation conducted by Ministry of Science and Technology – The difference between number of graduates and the actual increase in number of HE persons is 30,000 – Number of brain drain was estimated by calculating proportion in total mortality in the period – Proportions taken: 5%, 4%, 3% in total mortality – Possible brain drain rates: 4.5% (min), 8.9%, 13.2% (max)

23. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Molecular biology degrees profile 1985-2000 Acad. yearStudentsGraduatesMScPhD 91/92302796 92/9344 10 93/94443977 94/95433732 95/964034?? 96/974742?? 97/985135?? 98/995314?? 99/00 3?? Total589483 Percentage 82

24. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Brain drain of molecular biologists Graduated up to 1996/97 – 432 Working in Croatia – 249 or 57.6% Working abroad (brain drain) – 166 or 38.3% Brain drain countriesNumber USA34 Germany34 Switzerland39 Austria16 Great Britain8 France12 Italy6 Sweden4 Serbia3 the Netherlands, Spain, Canada, Belgium, Macedonia, Slovenia, Australia 10 Total166

25. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of graduated MD students and their brain drain YearNo. of students Brain drain MDs MDs studying abroad % 199731791 1998320191 199931281 2000277100 200125531 200224010 200325110 Total19715142.8 Another survey shows that 403 MDs applied for documents for travel abroad in the last 10 years

26. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of graduated pharmacy students and their brain drain YearNo. graduates Brain drainStudying abroad Other% 1993/94480 1994/95736 1995/96711 1996/97900 1997/98941 2 1998/991173 1999/001221 2000/011181 2001/0215412 2002/0313211 TOTAL10191532 2.0

27. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Distribution of mining engineers in the period of 1993-2003 CategoryNo. of graduatesPercentage 214 1136.0 2157.0 3 1 TOTAL2813.0 1 – Brain drain of mining engineers 2 – Engineers who worked in Croatia and then went abroad 3 – Brain gain

28. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Number of graduated electrical engineering students and their brain drain YearNo. of graduatesBrain drain Studying abroad% 19944001213.0 19955202013.8 19964691603.4 19974601813.9 19984321602.7 19995321001.9 2000443731.6 200144201- 2002388300.8 Total409010272.6

29. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Almae Matris Alumni Societies Established in 1990 at University of Zagreb 16 AMAC societies throughout the world today (AMAC Mundus) and 16 in Croatia (AMAC Domus) 9 societies in the process of formation AMAC bulletin published in 10,000 copies Convention of all AMAC societies is due in Zagreb June 30 – July 3 http://www.unizg.hr/amac/prob.htm

30. Geographical distribution of Croatian scientists abroad Country Number of scientists Country Number of scientists USA466Bosnia and Herzegovina7 Germany143Chile7 Canada84Slovenia6 Switzerland75Norway4 France50Denmark4 UK39Belgium4 Austria37Mexico3 Australia34Israel3 Argentina16Hungary2 Italy16Venezuela2 Sweden15Peru2 Netherlands12 Greece, Iceland, Brasil, Kenya, Nepal, Liechtenstein, Taiwan, Monaco, Japan, Hong Kong, Serbia, Malta 12 Total1033

31. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Congress of Croatian scientists from homeland and abroad Due in November 2004 in Zagreb and Vukovar, organised by Ministry of Science, Education and Sport Bringing together Croatian scientists across the world Promoting individual networking and institutional cooperation Workshops and discussions http://www.mzos.hr/pkhz/

32. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Measures and strategies for solving the brain drain problem Significantly increase investment in science Define and employ measures and procedures to transform brain drain into brain gain and brain circulation Encourage international cooperation in science and higher education Emphasize the importance of science for the development of Croatia Establish the economic and social measures to be implemented for improvement of the role of knowledge in Croatian society Involve alumni into Alma Mater activities Use the potential of the scientific diaspora

33. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Conclusion Case study of brain drain in Croatia determined three facts: –There currently exists no systematic monitoring of brain drain and labour migration market. This could escalate into a significant problem as seen in the case of molecular biologists. –Academic labour market is influenced by the quality of environment for scientific work and the opportunity for scientific development –interest expressed by Croatian scientists abroad and AMAC societies shows significant potential for reinvestment of human scientific resources Policy proposal: “to use the EHEA and ERA trends, diaspora and AMAC potentials to build a sustainable and effective system of brain drain monitoring and management in Croatia.”

34. Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004 Web sites Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb www.irb.hr UNESCO Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb www.unizg.hr/unesco unescoch@unizg.hr