2. Writing Process: Essay #1 The following MUST be included in your Final Essay #1 Packet – Brainstorming Activities Completed In-Class on 8/24 – Actively Read Sample Student Essay – Peer-Reviewed Organization Chart – Peer-Reviewed Rough Draft – Revised Draft – Final Draft REMEMBER THAT YOUR FINAL ESSAY IS DUE WEDNESDAY, 9/9.

3. Review of Parts of Speech Nouns and Pronouns: – Noun = Person, Place, Thing, Idea Cat, Fan, Teacher, Boy, Democracy, Language, etc. – Pronoun = A word that stands for a noun He, She, It, They, We, Everybody, One Nouns are often the SUBJECT of a sentence – the person, place thing or idea that performs the action of the sentence. Example: JACOB teaches often. To find the subject in this sentence, ask yourself “Who or what teaches often?” Nouns can also be the OBJECT of the action in the sentence – Ask yourself, “Who is receiving the action in this sentence?”. Example: Jacob teaches it. OR Jacob teaches the class. To find the object in this sentences, ask yourselves “What does he teach?” or “Who receives his teaching?”

4. Adjectives – Words that either DESCRIBE or MODIFY a noun. They answer three questions about nouns and pronouns. – What kind/kinds? – How many/much? – Which one/ones? Identify the adjectives in the following sentences: My instructor assigned a long chapter to read. My horrible instructor assigned a long chapter to read. The gigantic elephant ran through the narrow hallway with a sharp pair of scissors and an oversized backpack. Take the two dogs for a walk.

5. Verbs – These indicate an action or a state of being. – Run, running, ran, is, was, has been, seems, appears, appeared, etc. To find a verb, look for what is happening in the sentence. Is there an action being performed? Is a specific state of being identified? Example: The students in English 575 love verbs. Example: The man in the corner seemed upset. Example: The sky was a dark shade of blue. Example: The movie was horrible. Often action verbs get some help. See the list of “helping verbs” on p. 593. Example: I have gone to that new museum. Example: The student was sleeping on the desk. Example: I would exercise everyday if I just had the time. Example: I should clean my room, but I am too busy. Example: He did not go to school today. Example: She does go to church.

6. Adverbs – This is a word that describes a VERB, ADJECTIVE, or another ADVERB. They answer the following five questions. – Where? – How? – Why? – When? – To what extent? Example of Adjective: I graded the long papers. Examples of Adverbs: I relentlessly graded the papers. The child was extremely annoying. The play was over too soon. Oftentimes I will go to the bookstore and closely read some very good books.

7. You should also be aware of something known as a CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB. These are transitional words leading from one sentence to the next. They are also often used between paragraphs. They include: Consequently Similarly However Furthermore Therefore Besides Finally On the other hand As a result Note that these words can only be used either at the BEGINNING of a sentence: Example: I am very tired. Therefore, I am going to bed. IF YOU WANT TO BRING TOGETHER THESE TWO SENTENCE INTO ONE, YOU MUST USE A SEMICOLON!!! Example: I am very tired; therefore, I am going to bed.

8. Conjunctions: There are two types of conjunctions that your NEED to know about. – COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: These join two complete sentences. Each complete sentence will have a subject and a verb. Remember the acronym FANBOYS: FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO. EXAMPLE: – I was very tired that morning. I bought a large cup of coffee. – I was very tired that morning, SO I bought a large cup of coffee. – I am normally very bad at math. I got an A on my first Calculus test. – I am normally very bad at math, BUT I got an A on my first Calculus test. NOTE THAT WHENEVER YOU USE A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (FANBOY) TO BRING TOGETHER TWO COMPLETE SENTENCES YOU MUST ALSO USE A COMMA!!!

9. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: These are words that introduce a clause and help relate the ideas of the clause to the rest of the sentence. A clause is anything that contains a subject and a verb. NOTE THAT THE USE OF A SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION MEANS THAT THE PHRASE CAN NO LONGER STAND ON ITS OWN AS AN INDEPENDENT SENTENCE. – Common Subordinating Conjunctions include after, if, unless, although, because, before, whereas, even though, since, before, AND MORE. SEE PAGE 596. – When you attach a subordinating conjunction to a complete sentence, the sentence is no longer complete (an independent clause). It becomes a dependent clause. » EXAMPLES: I go to the store (INDEPENDENT CLAUSE – A COMPLETE SENTENCE) AFTER I go to the store (DEPENDENT CLAUSE – NOT A COMPLETE SENTENCE) I love reading (INDEPENDENT CLAUSE – A COMPLETE SENTENCE) BECAUSE I love reading (DEPENDENT CLAUSE – NOT A COMPLETE SENTENCE) HOW DO YOU FIX THIS PROBLEM? YOU MUST ATTACH THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE TO SOME INDEPENDENT CLAUSE -I visit my friend at her house AFTER I GO TO THE STORE. Or AFTER I GO TO THE STORE, I visit my friend at her house. -I own way too many books BECAUSE I LOVE READING. Or BECAUESE I LOVE READING, I own way too many books. NOTE: Independent Clause + Dependent Clause = NO COMMA Dependent Clause + Independent Clause = COMMA

10. Prepositions: These are words that show location in time or space. They begin what is known as a “prepositional phrase.” – Common Prepositions: Under, Above, Between, Against, After, Before, Beneath, Near, Into, Over, Toward, Since, From, AND MORE. SEE PAGE 597. – Examples: I go to Starbucks before class starts. I sat between the two trees. I found my textbook beneath the table. I have been laughing since this morning. Before this class, I had a fixed mindset. REVIEW HOMEWORK

11. Turning in Essay #1

12. Complete your self-evaluation. This has two components. 1.Score yourself using the rubric that has been given to you. 2.On the back of the rubric, compose 1-2 paragraphs in which you discuss you essay’s 2 greatest strengths and 2 greatest weaknesses.

13. Basic Sentence Components A Sentence is made up of a subject, a verb (predicate), and a complete thought or idea. Identifying Verbs: Time-testing is probably the best method for identifying verbs. This consists of adding the words “Last week,” “Next week,” and “Today” to the beginning of a sentence. – EXAMPLE: That guy appears to be listening to our conversation. Last week, that guy appeared to be listening to our conversation. Next week, that guy will appear to be listening to our conversation. Today, that guy appears to be listening to our conversation. NOW ASK YOURSELF, “WHICH WORD CHANGES FORM EVERYTIME WE ADD A NEW TIME PHRASE?” APPEARS! THIS IS THE VERB (OR PREDICATE) OF THE SENTENCE.

14. Note that verbs can also present themselves in sentences as COMPOUND VERBS. This happens when more than one action is expressed. Examples: -Last Saturday I went for an 8-mile run, walked to the farmer’s market, and read 200 pages out of my favorite book. -The firefighter not only saved 4 families in the burning apartment building, he also rescued several cats and showed up on-time to his son’s piano recital.

15. Subject: This is the person or the thing that is performing the action of the sentence. The subject is the star of the show. To find the subject, identify the action of the sentence and ask yourself, “Who is performing this action?” Examples: The firefighter not only saved 4 families in the burning apartment building, but he also rescued several cats and showed up on-time to his son’s piano recital. Social media is destructive to one’s self-esteem. Miley Cyrus was unimpressive as this year’s VMAs host. Sentences that Begin with THERE IS or THERE ARE In sentences that begin with these two phrases the SUBJECT FOLLOWS THE VERB. Examples: - There are multiple ways to develop a growth mindset. are = verb multiple ways = the subject. (THINK: Multiple ways to develop a growth mindset are there) - There is a snake in my boot.

16. Compound Subjects: Sentences often have more than one subject. If more than two things are performing the action of the sentence, then you have a compound subject. Example: The heavy reading load and long essays make College English difficult to pass. Verbals: The Verbs That Function as Nouns, Adjectives, or Adverbs Example: Running is his favorite hobby. Bullying is a problem in today’s elementary schools. Sitting around drives me crazy! You must wait in the holding area until it is your turn.

17. Clause: This is a group of words that has a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses: – Independent Clauses: These are complete sentences. – Dependent Clauses: These are not complete sentences. Typically, they are referred to as fragments. They are incomplete because they contain a subordinating conjunction. Dependent Clauses and Subordination Dependent clauses look like complete sentences because they have a SUBJECT and a VERB. For example: Before I went to the Museum. [this has both a subject and verb] However, when you read the sentence closely, you realize that the thought that it presents is incomplete. [WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE I WENT TO THE MUSEUM???] Other Examples: After the movie finished. Although it was 82 degrees outside. While I was climbing Mount Everest. Ever since Kanye West became president. ALL OF THESE EXAMPLES LEAVE US WITHOUT IMPORTANT INFORMATION! THEY ARE NOT SENTENCES, THEY ARE DEPENDENT CLAUSES. What makes a sentence become a Dependent Clause? A SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. See Page 609 for a listing of common subordinating conjunctions. Some include After, Although, While, Ever since, Because, If, and When.

18. Because a dependent clause cannot stand on its own, it must be attached to an independent clause (aka a complete sentence) Examples [dependent clauses as fragments]: After the movie finished. Even though it was 82 degrees outside. While I was climbing Mount Everest. Ever since Kanye West became president. ATTACH IT AFTER THE I.C. (NO COMMA!!!!!) I went home after the movie finished. I wore a sweater even though it was 82 degrees outside. I was very bored while I was climbing Mount Everest. Quality of life in the US has increased ever since Kanye West became president. OR ATTACH IT BEFORE THE I.C. (COMMA!!!!!) After the movie finished, I went home. Even though it was 82 degrees outside, I wore a sweater. While I was climbing Mount Everest, I was very bored. Ever since Kanye West became president, quality of life in the US has increased.

19. BRINGING TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES TOGETHER (aka COORDINATION) This is a common way of connecting ideas in separate sentences and reducing choppiness in your writing. To bring two complete sentences together, you use a COORDINATING CONJUNCTION: FANBOYS for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Examples: I went to bed. I was tired. A growth mindset is difficult to attain. I believe I can develop one I did not want Italian food. I did not want Mexican food. I went to bed, for I was tired. A growth mindset is difficult to attain, but I believe I can develop one I did not want Italian food, nor did I want Mexican food. NOTE THAT WHEN I AM USING A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION TO BRING TOGETHER TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES, I AM ADDING A COMMA BEFORE THE FANBOY.

20. Note that you should not always try to bring together independent clauses using a FANBOY. What you want to do is VARY your sentence structures. This makes for a more interesting and lively piece of writing. Review HW