1. Chapter 3 Application of Derivatives 3.1 Extreme Values of Functions Absolute maxima or minima are also referred to as global maxima or minima.

2. Examples

3. Extreme Value Theorem The requirements in Theorems 1 that the interval be closed and finite, and That the function be continuous, are key ingredients.

4. Local (Relative) Extreme Values

5. Finding Extrema

6. Critical Point Theorem 2 says that a function’s first derivative is always zero at an interior point where the function has a local extreme value and the derivative is defined. Hence the only places where a function f can possibly have an extreme value (local or global) are 1.Interior points where f’=0 2.Interior points where f’ is undefined, 3.Endpoints of the domain of f.

7. How to Find the Absolute Extrema Thus the only domain points where a function can assume extreme values are critical points and endpoints.

8. Example Example. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f(x)=10x(2-lnx) on the interval [1, e x ]. Solution. We evaluate the function at the critical points and the endpoints and take the largest and the smallest of the resulting values. The first derivative is f’(x)=10(2-lnx)-10x(1/x)=10(1-lnx). Let f’(x)=0, we have x=e. Then Critical point value: f(e)=10e Endpoint values: f(1)=20, and f(e 2 )=0. So the function’s absolute maximum value is10e at x=e. The absolute minimum value is 0 and occurs at the right endpoint x=e 2.

9. 3.2 The Mean Value Theorem

11. Mathematical Consequences

12. 3.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test A function that is increasing or decreasing on an interval is said to be monotonic on the interval.

13. Each tangent line Has positive slope. Each tangent line Has negative slope. Each tangent line Has zero slope. Graphs of functions

14. Theorem

15. Example: Find the critical points of f(x)=x 3 -12x-5 and identify the intervals on which f is increasing and on which f is decreasing. Example

17. First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

19. Example Find the critical points of f(x)=(x 2 -3)e x. Identify the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing. Find the function’s local and absolute extreme values. Solution.

21. 3.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching Two ways to characterize the concavity of a differentiable function f on an open interval: f is concave up on an open interval if its tangent lines have increasing slopes on that interval and is concave down if they have decreasing slopes. f is concave up on an open interval if its graph lies above its tangent lines on that interval and is concave down if it lies below its tangent lines

22. Concavity and the Second Derivative Test for Concavity If y=f(x) is twice-differentiable, we will use f’’ and y’’ interchangeable When denoting the second derivative.

23. Example: Find the intervals on which is concave up and the intervals on which it is concave down. Solution: Example

24. Inflection Points

25. Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema This test requires us to know f’’ only at c itself and not in an interval about c. This makes the test easy to apply. However, this test is inconclusive if f’’=0 or if ‘’ does not exist at x=c. When this happens, use the First derivative Test for local extreme values.

26. Strategy for Graphing y=f(x)

27. Graphical Behavior of Functions from Derivatives

28. 3.5 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

29. Parametric Formula for dy/dx Example. Find dy/dx as a function of t if x = t - t 2, y = t - t 3. Solution.

30. 3.6 Applied Optimization To optimize something often means to maximize or minimize some aspect of it. Example 1 An open-tup box is to be made by cutting small congruent squares from the corners of a 12-in.–by-12-in. sheet of tin and bending up the sides. How large should the squares cut from the corners be to make the box hold as much as possible?

32. Example 2: You have been asked to design a 1-liter can shaped like a right Circular cylinder. What dimensions will used the least material?

33. 3.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule

34. How to Use L’Hopital’ Rule

35. Example: Find Example

36. Example: Find Example

37. Indeterminate Forms of Type  / 

38. Example: Find Example

39. Example: Find Example

40. Sometimes when we try to evaluate a limit as x  a by substituting x=a we get an ambiguous expression like. Sometimes these forms can be handled by using algebra to convert them to a o/o or form. For example: Find (a) (b)

41. Indeterminate Powers Limits that lead to the indeterminate forms can sometims be Handled by first taking the logarithm of the function. We use l’Hopital’s Rule to find the limit of the logarithm expression and then exponentiate the result to find the original function limit. Example: Find.

42. 3.8 Newton’s Method (Optional) Newton’s method is a technique to approximate the solution to an equation f(x)=0. Essentially it uses tangent lines in place of the graph of y=f(x) near the points where f is zero. (A value of x where f is zero is a root of the function f and a solution of the equation f(x)=0.)

44. To find a root r of the equation f(x)=0, select an initial approximation x 1. If f(x 1 )=0, then r=x 1. Otherwise, use the root of the tangent line to the graph of f at x 1 to approximate r. Call this intercept x 2. We can now treat x 2 in the same way we did x 1. If f(x 2 )=0, then r= x 2. Otherwise, we construct the tangent line to the graph of f at x 2, and take x 3 to be the x-intercept of the tangent line. Continuing in this way, we can generate a succession of values x 1,x 2,, x 3,,, x 4 …that will usually approach r.

45. Example Use Newton’s Method to approximate the real solutions of x 3 -x-1=0 Solution:

46. 3.9 Hyperbolic Functions

47. Identities and Derivatives for Hyperbolic Functions

48. Inverses Hyperbolic Sine, Cosine, and Secant of x

49. Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent, Cotangent, and Cosecant of x

50. Identities and Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions