1. Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan Presenter: Yun-Tung Wang (Max) Assistant Professor in National Taiwan University Social Work Department

2. 2 Outline 1. Significance of employment 2. Employment-related social quality indicators developed in European Union (EU) in Taiwan 3. Some other significant employment-related indicators in Taiwan 4. Discussion

3. 3 Significance of employment (1)

4. 4 Significance of employment (2) Unit 19911995200020012005 Average disposable income per household by disposable income quintile Lowest 20 percentNT$ 227,816 296,166 315,172 279,404 297,694 Second 20 percentNT$ 389,205 525,749 571,355 524,766 556,117 Third 20 percentNT$ 511,410 704,713 778,556 740,054 779,044 Fourth 20 percentNT$ 674,452 948,4841,043,5081,013,478 1,043,131 Fifth 20 percentNT$1,133,3271,581,5801,748,6331,785,5501,796,884 Ratio of disposable income of highest 20% to that of lowest 20% 5.05.35.66.46.0 Unemployment rate (%)1.511.792.994.574.13

5. 5 Employment-related social quality indicators developed in EU in Taiwan 1. Social quality domains developed in EU related to employment 2. Social quality indicators in the “ Work ” domain of “ Socio-economic security ” conditional factor 3. Social quality indicators in the “ Labor market ” domain of “ Social inclusion ” conditional factor 4. Social quality indicators in the “ Labor market ” domain of “ Social empowerment ” conditional factor

6. 6 Social quality domains developed in EU related to employment Conditional factor Socio- economic security Social cohesionSocial inclusion Social empowerment Domain financial resources trustcitizenship rights knowledge base housing and environment other integrative norms and values labor market health and caresocial networksservices (public and private) openness and supportiveness of institutions work identitysocial networkspersonal relations education

7. 7 Social quality indicators in the “ Work ” domain of “ Socio-economic security ” conditional factor Sub-domainsIndicators Employment security Length of notice before employer can change terms and conditions of labor relation / contract Length of notice before termination of labor contract Proportion employed workforce with temporary, non-permanent, job contract Proportion of workforce that is illegal Working conditions Number of employees that reduce work time because of interruption (parental leave, medical assistance of relative, palliative leave) as a proportion of the employees who are entitled to these kinds of work time reductions Number of accidents at work per 100,000 employed persons Number of hours a full-time employee typically works per week

8. 8 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Socio-economic security ( “ Work ” domain) (1) Domain: Work Sub- domains Indicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Employment security Length of notice before employer can change terms and conditions of labor relation / contract Except termination of labor contract, no Act specifies a period for changing terms and conditions of labor relation/contract. Labor Fundamental Act

9. 9 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Socio-economic security ( “ Work ” domain) (2) Domain: Work Sub-domainsIndicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Employment security Length of notice before termination of labor contract The 16 th item of the Labor Fundamental Act states that: under normal circumstances, an employer has to notify his/her employee 10/20/30 days before the termination of a labor contract if the working period of this employee is between 3 months to a year/1 to 3 years/over 3 years, respectively. Also, the 15 th item of the Labor Fundamental Act states that: under normal circumstances, an employee has to notify his/her employer 10/20/30 days before the termination of a labor contract if the working period of this employee is between 3 months to a year/1 to 3 years/over 3 years, respectively. Labor Fundamental Act

10. 10 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Socio-economic security ( “ Work ” domain) (3) Domain: Work Sub- domains Indicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Employment security Proportion employed workforce with temporary, non- permanent, job contract The proportion of the number of part-time workers almost kept same from 1.06% in 2000 to 1.23% in 2002 and 1.15% in 2005. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (2007h)

11. 11 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Socio-economic security ( “ Work ” domain) (4) Domain: Work Sub-domainsIndicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Working conditions Number of employees that reduce work time because of interruption (parental leave, medical assistance of relative, palliative leave) as a proportion of the employees who are entitled to these kinds of work time reductions In 2002, 0.55% of the respondents answered “ usually reducing work time because of interruption (family reasons) ”, 11.66% answered “ sometimes reducing work time because of interruption (family reasons) ”, 38.73%answered “ seldom reducing work time because of interruption (family reasons) ”, and 49.06%answered “ never reducing work time because of interruption (family reasons) ”. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (2003)

12. 12 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Socio-economic security ( “ Work ” domain) (5) Domain: Work Sub- domains Indicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Working conditions Number of accidents at work per 100,000 employed persons The occupational injuries ratio went up considerably from the 1990s to the 2000s (from 3.54% in 1992 to 4.53% in 2006). However, the disability rate/death rate from occupational injuries fell obviously from 0.62 ‰ /0.10 ‰ in 1992 to 0.39 ‰ /0.04 ‰ in 2006. Council of Labor Affairs (2007)

13. 13 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Socio-economic security ( “ Work ” domain) (6) Domain: Work Sub- domains Indicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Working conditions Number of hours a full- time employee typically works per week The number of hours a full-time employee typically works per week kept down from 47.36 in 1993 to 46.09 in 2000 and 44.97 in 2005. Directorate General of Budget, Accountin g and Statistics (2006b)

14. 14 Social quality indicators in the “ Labor market ” domain of “ Social inclusion ” conditional factor Sub-domainsIndicators Access to paid employment Long-term unemployment (12+ months) Involuntary part-time or temporary employment

15. 15 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Social inclusion ( “ Labor Market ” domain) (1) Domain: Labor market Sub-domainsIndicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Access to paid employment Long-term unemployment (12+ months) The long-term unemployment rate has gone up from 9.9% in 1996 to 21.0% in 2003. It also subsequently decreased slightly from 21.0% in 2003 to 19.6% in 2005. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (2007e)

16. 16 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Social inclusion ( “ Labor Market ” domain) (2) Domain: Labor market Sub-domainsIndicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Access to paid employment Involuntary part-time or temporary employment The proportion of the number of part-time workers almost kept same from 1.06% in 2000 to 1.23% in 2002 and 1.15% in 2005. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (2007h)

17. 17 Social quality indicators in the “ Labor market ” domain of “ Social empowerment ” conditional factor Sub-domainsIndicators Control over employment contract % of labor force that is member of a trades union (public and private employees) Percentage of labor force covered by a collective agreement (differentiated by public and private employees) Prospects of job mobility Percentage of employed labor force receiving work-based training Percentage of labor force availing of publicly provided training (not only skills based) (Please outline costs of such training if any) Percentage of labor force participating any 'back to work scheme' Reconciliation of work and family life (work/life balance) Percentage of organizations operating work/life balance policies Percentage of employed labor force actually making use of work/life balance measures (see indicator above)

18. 18 Employment-related social quality indicators in Taiwan : in Social empowerment ( “ Labor Market ” domain) Domain: Labor market Sub- domains Indicators Taiwan ’ s situation Source Control over employment contract % of labor force that is member of a trades union (public and private employees) The percentage of laborers who are the members of a trade union went down from 34.3% in 1991 to 28.3% in 2006. Council of Labor Affairs (2007) Prospects of job mobility Percentage of employed labor force receiving work-based training The percentage of employed labor force receiving work- based training went up from 0.32% in 1991 to 0.47% in 2001, then went down to 0.20% in 2006. Council of Labor Affairs (2007)

19. 19 Some other significant employment-related indicators in Taiwan 1. Labor force participation rate 2. Unemployment rate

20. 20 Labor force participation rate in Taiwan (%) Year19911996200020012005 Total59.158.457.757.257.8 Male73.871.169.468.567.6 Female44.445.846.046.148.1

21. 21 Unemployment rate in Taiwan (%) Year199119962000200120022003200420052006 Total1.512.602.994.575.174.994.444.13 3.81 Male1.502.723.365.165.915.514.834.31 3.94 Female1.532.422.443.714.104.253.893.88 3.65

22. 22 Discussion 1. In the social quality approach, why some same/very similar indicators are classified in different conditional factors ? (Ex: Proportion employed workforce with temporary, non-permanent, job contract in “ socio-economic security ” & Involuntary part- time or temporary employment in “ social inclusion ” )

23. 23 Thank you very much for your attention !