1. PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS FROM PHENOLATED BIOMASS WASTES M. HAKKI ALMA KAHRAMANMARAS SUTCU IMAM UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF FOREST INDUSTRY ENGINEERING KAHRAMANMARAS, TURKEY 1 COST Action FP1105 WoodCellNet workshop in San Sebastian Polytechnic School of San Sebastian, University of The Basque Country 26-27 May 2015 San Sebastian, Spain

2. Carbon Fiber 2  Activated carbon fibers (ACFs)have been greatly used in many areas such as adsorption and separation, catalyst support, electronic materials due to superb features.  ACFs have mainly been produced via carbonization of various fiber precursors, such as rayon, petroleum or coal based pitch, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and commercial phenol formaldeyde resin etc.  However, limited reserves of these resources, the costs of processing and raw material supply, yield, environmental issues etc. bring with a necessity to improve the production of ACFs that highly depends on chemical materials.  Activated carbon fibers (ACFs)have been greatly used in many areas such as adsorption and separation, catalyst support, electronic materials due to superb features.  ACFs have mainly been produced via carbonization of various fiber precursors, such as rayon, petroleum or coal based pitch, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and commercial phenol formaldeyde resin etc.  However, limited reserves of these resources, the costs of processing and raw material supply, yield, environmental issues etc. bring with a necessity to improve the production of ACFs that highly depends on chemical materials.

3. Therefore, to solve these problems, utilization of biomass resources became an important issue and many techniques are being developed currently in order to use biomass resources effectively. 3

4. Solvolysis Liquefaction Biomass is firstly converted bio-polyols by thermochemically via solvolytic liquefaction, and then bio-polyols are used to produce useful green materials. 4 Solvents Glycerol Ethylene Glycol Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Phenol Dioxane Ethanol Acetone Catalysts Sulfuric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Oxalic Acid Phosphoric Acid NaOH MgSO 4 Heat 80-150 ˚C (With Catalysts) 240-270 ˚C (Without Catalysts) Time-Pressure 60-150 min. Atmospheric pressure or high pressure

5. 5 Microwave AssistedConventional Glass Flask Pressure-proof Autoclave Recently, wood is almost completely converted into useful liquid chemical raw by liquefaction technique in the phenol, which greatly improves the utilization of wood. Through liquefaction, phenolated (PW) biomass with high reactivity, has been widely used as chemical reagent for production of various materials.

6. Conventional Liquefaction Set-up 6 Oil Bath Heater Cooling Apparatus Mixer Thermometer Two Necked Glass Flask

7. 7  To expand the usage area of liquefied wood and obtain highly value added products, some scientists studied on carbon fibers and carbon fiber precursors from liquefied wood.  With exception of wood, some biomass-based ACFs were also produced from renewable sources, such as bamboo, jute, cotton-stalk, etc. become popular as an alternative to petrochemical resources.  On the other hand, in some of the studies, cellulose and lignin have been used as precursors for ACF production.  To expand the usage area of liquefied wood and obtain highly value added products, some scientists studied on carbon fibers and carbon fiber precursors from liquefied wood.  With exception of wood, some biomass-based ACFs were also produced from renewable sources, such as bamboo, jute, cotton-stalk, etc. become popular as an alternative to petrochemical resources.  On the other hand, in some of the studies, cellulose and lignin have been used as precursors for ACF production.

8. ACF Production from Liquefied Biomass 8 Liquefied Biomass HMTA 120-170 ˚C Stirring 40 min Spinning Solution Melt Spinning Cured by HCHO and HCl Carbonization at 500 ˚C Activation with KOH Carbon Fibers Liquefied Biomass HMTA 120-170 ˚C Stirring 40 min Spinning Solution Melt Spinning Cured by HCHO and HCl Carbonization at 500 ˚C Activation with KOH Carbon Fibers Liquefied Biomass HMTA 120-170 ˚C Stirring 40 min Spinning Solution Melt Spinning Cured by HCHO and HCl Carbonization at 500 ˚C Activation with KOH Carbon Fibers Liquefied Biomass HMTA 120-170 ˚C Stirring 40 min Spinning Solution Melt Spinning Cured by HCHO and HCl Carbonization at 500 ˚C Activation with KOH Carbon Fibers Liquefied Biomass HMTA 120-170 ˚C Stirring 40 min Spinning Solution Melt Spinning Cured by HCHO and HCl Carbonization Activation with KOH Carbon Fibers Hexamethylenetetramine Formaldehyde

9. 9 Liquefaction 160 ° C, 2.5 h (Phenol, H 2 SO 4 or HCl) Curing 95 ° C, 4 h Washing with distilled water 90 ° C, 2 h Activation 800-1000 ° C 40 min-2 h Liquefaction 160 ° C, 2.5 h (Phenol, H 2 SO 4 or HCl) Curing 95 ° C, 4 h Washing with distilled water 90 ° C, 2 h Activation 800-1000 ° C 40 min-2 h

10. Thank You 10