1. Code of Ethics -What is the code of ethics?
-How important is adopting a code of ethics?
-Objection to codes
- History of the engineering code of ethics(examples)
- Closer look at two codes of ethics
- Resolving internal conflicts in codes(examples
- Can codes and professional societies protect employees? (examples) - Other types of codes of ethics

2. What is the Code of ethics???
- It’s an aspect of professional societies and it expresses the rights, duties and responsibilities of a member in these societies. - These codes are not limited to professional organization, it can also be found in corporations and universities as well.

3. 1- provides a framework for ethical judgment
1- provides a framework for ethical judgment. 2- no code can cover all possible ethical situations that professional engineer will face it in his career. Rather it serves as starting point for ethical decision making 3- defines the roles and responsibilities of professionals.

4. 4- it doesn’t create a new ethical principles, they simply repeat principles that are already accepted
as responsible engineering practice.
5- is not recipe for ethical behavior
6- is not a substitute for sound judgment.
7- is not legal document

6. How important is adopting a code of ethics?
1. helps create an environment within a profession where ethical behavior is the norm. 2. Serves as a guide or reminder of how to act in specific situations. 3. Can also bolster the individual ‘s position by indicating that there is a collective sense of a correct behavior. 4. Can indicate to others that the profession is seriously concerned about responsible and professional conduct.

7. Objection To Codes
Although codes of ethics are widely used by many organizations, there are many objections to codes of ethics: 1. Relatively few practicing engineers are members of professional societies and so don’t necessarily feel compelled to abide by these codes. 2. Many engineers are not aware of the existence of the society’ code, or if they aware of it , they have never read it. 3. Engineering codes often have internal conflicts , but don’t give a method of resolving the conflict .

8. History of the Engineering Codes of Ethics
- Professional engineering societies in the united states began to be organized in the late 19TH century. - With new societies created as new engineering fields have developed in this century . - As these societies matured, many of them created codes of ethics to guide practicing engineering. Early in the current century, these codes were mostly concerned with issues of how to conduct business.

9. Examples :
Prohibiting competitive bidding by engineers for design projects.
Codes also spelled out the duties that engineers had forward their employers.
Less emphasis than today was given to issues of service to the public and safety.
- But all of this has changed greatly in recent years and most attention became directed towards :
Safety
Public health
Environmental protection as most important duties of the engineer.

10. To understand what codes of ethics are and how they
function, let’s look at these two codes of ethics:

11. closer look at two codes of ethics
1. The IEEE code:
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
2.The NSPE code:
(National Society of Professional Engineers)

13. Resolving Internal Conflicts in codes
One objection to codes of ethics is the internal conflicts
that can exist within them , with no instructions on how
to resolve these conflicts .
There no implication in this or any other code that all clauses are equally important .
Rather, there is a hierarchy within the code .
some clauses take precedence over others, although there is generally no explicit indication in the code of what the hierarchy is .

14. example : If the employer asks or even orders an engineer to implement
a design that the engineer feels will be unsafe
WHAT does the NSPE code tell us about this situation ?
IN CLAUSE 1.4 the NSPE code indicates that the engineers have a duty to their employers .
IN CLAUSE 1.1 the preamble make it clear that the safety of the public is also an
important concern of an engineer .
How Can This Conflict Be Resolved ?
The duty to protect the safety of the public is paramount and
takes precedence over the duty to the employer .

15. Can Codes and Professional Societies Protect employees?

16. Functions of professional societies :
protect the rights of employees who are being pressured by their employers to do unethical behavior
protect the employers from who are accusing them or the government of unethical conduct .

17. An Example: were being designed and tested .
action of the IEEE on behalf of three electrical engineers who were fired
from their jobs at the Bay Area Rapid Transit ( BART) organization
when they pointed out deficiencies in the way the control systems for the BART trains
were being designed and tested .

18. BART

19. After being fired , the engineers sued BART , citing the IEEE code of ethics which impelled them to hold as their primary concern the safety of the public who would be using the BART system
The IEEE intervened on their behalf in
count .although ultimately the engineers
lost the case.

20. Other types of codes of ethics
Many organizations have developed codes of ethics similar to those of the professional engineering organizations, for example, codes for the ethical use of computers, codes of ethics inside universities…etc

21. Thank you 