1. Foreign Policy and National Defense Chapter 17 Notes
American Citizenship
Foreign Policy and National Defense
Chapter 17 Notes

2. Section 1
Foreign Affairs and National Security

3. Isolationism to Internationalism
Domestic Affairs
Events at home
Foreign Affairs
The nation’s relationships with other nations
For the first 150 years, America maintained a foreign policy of isolationism
A purposeful refusal to become generally involved in the affairs of the rest of the world
The Past 70 years, America has maintained a policy of foreign engagement

4. Foreign Policy Defined
It is made up of all of the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries
Diplomatic, military, commercial, etc.
The President, by both constitutionality and tradition, has been the primary conductor of foreign policy

5. State Department Headed by the Secretary of State The Foreign Service
Ranks first among members of the president’s cabinet
The Foreign Service
Under international law every nation has the right of legation
the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives
Ambassadors
An official representative of the United States appointed by the president to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy
One Ambassador stationed at the capital of each state the United States recognizes

6. State Department (Con’t)
Special Diplomats
Ambassadors to UN or NATO, or other international conference
Passports
Certificate issued by a government to its citizens who travel or live abroad
Required now anytime you leave the boundaries of the United States (Even Mexico)
Diplomatic Immunity
Ambassadors are regularly granted diplomatic immunity
They are not subject to the laws of the state to which they are accredited

7. The Defense Department
Civil Control of the Military
Though the framers of the Constitution knew the importance of a strong defense, they also recognized the dangers of a strong defense
Thus giving great powers over the military by the President and Congress
Both publicly elected persons

8. The Defense Department (Con’t)
The Secretary of Defense
Has Two Major Responsibilities
The President’s chief aide and advisor in making and carrying out defense policy
Operating Head of the Defense Department
Stationed in the Pentagon
Chief Military Aides
Five members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff serve as the principal military advisors to the President, Department of Defense, and National Security Council

9. The Military Departments
Three military Departments fall under the Department of Defense
The Department of the Army
The Department of the Navy
The Department of the Air Force

10. Section 2
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies

11. The CIA Central Intelligence Agency was created by Congress in 1947
Main task is to gather information and relay that info to the President
It also conducts espionage
Spying

12. Department of Homeland Security
Charged with the task of protecting the United States against terrorism

13. NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency created by Congress in 1958
Work ranges from basic research that focuses on origin, evolution, and structure of the universe to exploration of outer space
Military is greatly used today, including GPS

14. The Selective Service System
Draft, also called conscription or compulsory military service
Even today, soon after turning 18, males must register with the selective service

15. Section 3
American Foreign Policy Overview

16. Two New Principles Collective Security Deterrence
The forging of a world community in order to maintain internal peace and order
Deterrence
Strategy of maintaining the military might of the United States at so great a level that the very strength will deter, discourage, an attack on this country by any hostile power

17. Resisting Soviet Aggression
Cold War
A period of more than 40 years during which relations between the two superpowers, US and Soviet Union, were at least tense and more often than not, distinctly hostile

18. Détente and the Return to Containment
In the 1970’s, President Nixon used a policy of détente in order to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China
French term meaning “a relaxation of tensions”

19. Section 4
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances

20. Foreign Aid Economic and military aid to other countries
Started as a US policy in the 1940’s after WWII

21. Security Alliances
Over the last 5 decades, the United States has constructed a network of regional security alliances
Agreements to take collective action to meet aggression in a particular part of the world
NATO
RIO Pact

22. The United Nations
Formed at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, met in San Francisco in 1945
Permanent Headquarters are in New York City
The Security Council
Made up of 15 members
5 , United States, Britain, France, Russia, and China are permanent members
10 other nonpermanent members are appointed for 2 years by the General Assembly