2. Lecture19 Introduction to Transgenic animals

3. What are Transgenic Organisms? Transgenic organisms are organisms that are injected with foreign DNA from another organism Transgenic organisms are organisms that are injected with foreign DNA from another organism http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/cow.jpg

4. How are they created? DNA Microinjection  Retrovirus- mediated gene transfer Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer

5. DNA Microinjection Direct microinjection of a chosen gene construct from another member of the same species or from a different species, into the pronucleus of a fertilized ovum.

6. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer Retroviruses are used as vectors Infects host cells Not all cells carry the retrovirus The retrovirus must integrate into the germ cells to work.

7. Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer Insertion of desired DNA sequence into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Stem cells can give rise to a complete organism. The cells are then incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.

8. Purposes Agriculture-(improved food products) Agriculture-(improved food products) Industry-(new materials) Industry-(new materials) Medicine-(Animal donors, new medicines) Medicine-(Animal donors, new medicines) Research-(animal testing) Research-(animal testing) www.cnn.com

9. Agricultural Purposes Breeding Breeding -More organisms with favorable traits -More organisms with favorable traits Food quality Food quality -Healthier food produced more rapidly -Healthier food produced more rapidly Disease resistance Disease resistance -Resistance to widespread bacterial infections -Resistance to widespread bacterial infections

10. Industrial Purposes New products New products -Goats producing spider silk -Goats producing spider silk Chemical safety tests Chemical safety tests -Microorganisms producing new enzymes -Microorganisms producing new enzymes www.carleton.ca

11. Medical Purposes Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation -Animal organ donors -Animal organ donors  Nutrition supplements -Production of new medicines -Production of new medicines  Human Gene Therapy -Normal gene transfer from transgenic organism to human -Normal gene transfer from transgenic organism to human

12. Research Purposes New research models New research models -Transgenic mice -Transgenic mice Forced evolution Forced evolution -New organisms with more favorable traits -New organisms with more favorable traits www.meddean.luc.edu

13. Protocol Requirements Transgenic organisms need to have a long term purpose Transgenic organisms need to have a long term purpose Success/organism survival rates must be high Success/organism survival rates must be high Created for the greater good Created for the greater good Products must be beneficial Products must be beneficial