1. Language choice in multilingual nations language & society

2. Overview Your linguistic repertoireDiglossiaCode-switching or code mixing

3. HOW MANY LANGUAGES DO YOU SPEAK?

4. Linguistic repertoire The number of languages you can speak is your linguistic repertoire. The languages you speak in a multilingual community are ‘varieties’ or ‘codes’.

5. HOW DO YOU CHOOSE YOUR VARIETY OR CODE IN A MULTILINGUAL SPEECH COMMUNITY?

6. A speech community "A speech community is a group of people who do not necessarily share the same language, but share a set of norms and rules for the use of language. The boundaries between speech communities are essentially social rather than linguistic... A speech community is not necessarily co- extensive with a language community." (Romaine, 1994) http://www.missiontolearn.com/2009/12/learn-foreign-language-online/

7. Domains of language use The underlying concept different settings characteristically call for the use of different languages in a multilingual society. A domain Typical interactions between typical participants in typical settings Participants Setting Topics The domain helps determine which language (variety or code) you would use

8. Domains of language use Domain Typical interactions between typical participants in typical settings Participants Setting Topics The linguistic domain helps determine which language (variety or code) you would use

9. DomainParticipantsSettingTopicLanguage FamilyParentsHomePlanning a family party FriendshipFriendsCaféTalking about weekend plans EducationProfessorsUniversityLecturing linguistics Domains of language use (Fishman, 1972)

10. A: THE ‘EVENT’ CONVENTIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SETTING Q: The determinant of using one language variety over another is the physical setting. Agreed?

11. Social factors affecting language choice Who are the speakers? Participants In what context is the language used? Setting What are the speakers talking about? Topic How well do the speakers know each other? Social distance The social status Status Teacher-student; doctor-patient; father-son Social roles Formal vs. informal Formality What is the language being used for? Function/goal of the interaction

12. DIGLOSSIA

13. Diglossia Two distinct varieties of the same language in a speech community High (H) varietyLow (L) variety

14. Diglossia H=High prestige H variety is not used in daily conversation L=Low prestige H and L are used in complementary situations.

15. Example: Latin H=Classic Latin L=Vulgar Latin Arabic H=Classical Arabic L=Colloquial Arabic German H=high German L=low German

16. Attitudes to H vs. L H variety Norm respect Prestigious L variety Below average Not very respected Non-prestigious

17. SituationH or L Literature Public institution Gossiping Election campaign speech

18. Polyglossia Situations where two or more distinct codes or varieties are used for clearly distinct purposes. A Chinese Singaporean speaks English Chinese Mandarin Chinese Cantonese Hokkien

19. CODE-SWITCHING

20. Code switching Alternative use between two or more languages. Discuss homework in Mandarin Chinese and English

21. Why switches codes? Identity /solidarity/social distanceStatusFormalityTopicAffective function

22. Code switching at the lexical level Lack of vocabulary To express a concept not readily available in the language speakers are using.

23. Read the following dialogue in Taiwanese and note the code-switched part. What do you code-switch? A: 你看你看，這是我跟我男（女）朋友的定情物！ B: 甚麼，你好俗喔，甚麼時代了還定情物。 A: 拜託，你不懂啦！這代表我們之間的愛！不論距離再遠，看到這個，就 好像男（女）朋友就在身邊一樣。 B: 講的好像情竇初開的年輕人一樣，別以為我不知道你的秘密。 A: 甚麼秘密，我沒有啊！ B: 沒有？我之前看到你跟別的男（女）人打情罵俏，還說沒有？ A: 不可能，你甚麼時候看到的？ B: 就之前我看到你們兩個人在喝咖啡，我還想說，厚 … 你真的是兩個通殺， 明明都有男（女）朋友了。 A: 我真的沒有啦，我知道你在說誰啦，他只是普通朋友，而且他也不是我 的菜啊！我們真的只是普通的喝咖啡啦！ B: 好啦，我知道啦，跟你開玩笑啦！ A: 吼，真的被你嚇死。

24. Select a short clip of local soap operas. Note the code-switched part. What kind of vocabulary or expressions are code-switched?

25. Questions?