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Mrs. Garbiel: Oceanography & Environmental Science

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1 Mrs. Garbiel: Oceanography & Environmental Science
TROUT Mrs. Garbiel: Oceanography & Environmental Science

2 Scientific Family name is Salmonidae
Salmon Family Scientific Family name is Salmonidae Includes three subfamilies: Salmon, Trout, and Char Whitefish Grayling Economically the most important family of cold water fishes in North America Sport Fisheries Commercial Fishing Hatcheries and Fish Farms

3 Salmon Species Pacific Salmon Pink or Humpback Chinook or King
Coho or Silver Chum or Dog Sockeye or Red Atlantic Salmon

4 Salmon Anadromous Spends its life in the ocean but returns to fresh water to spawn Pacific Salmon die shortly after spawning Atlantic Salmon may live to spawn two or more times

5 Kokanee Salmon Landlocked Sockeye Salmon are called Kokanee Salmon.
Lake Tahoe now has a self-sustaining population of Kokanee salmon Every fall, thousands of kokanee ascend Taylor Creek (Tahoe tributary) to spawn. Landlocked Sockeye Salmon are called Kokanee Salmon. Kokanee were originally stocked into Lake Tahoe in Every fall, thousands of kokanee ascend Taylor Creek (Tahoe tributary) to spawn.

6 Trout and Char Photo courtesy of Mike Sevon

7 Trout Facts All salmonids are characterized by the presence of an adipose fin All salmonids require clean, cold water in which to live and have a low tolerance to habitat degradation. Primarily freshwater fish, however, many species develop seagoing races. Can you name the anadromous form of the rainbow trout? Steelhead

8 True Trout Characteristics: Black spots on light background
Stream obligate spawners Nevada’s True Trout: Cutthroat Lahontan (Threatened species) Bonneville Yellowstone Rainbow* Brown True Trout Photo courtesy of Mike Sevon

9 Char Characteristics: Light spots on dark background
Prefer colder water than trout Spawn in the fall Can spawn in a lake environment Nevada’s Chars: Lake Trout Brook Trout Bull Trout

10 Lahontan Cutthroat Trout

11 Cutthroat Trout Once the predominant native trout in lakes and streams across the Great Basin Competition with non-native trout and habitat degradation can be attributed to the decline in the species Recovery activities by NDOW and other agencies are ongoing to reestablish these fish in their historic range Official State Record Cutthroat Trout: 23 pounds 8 ounces (Pyramid Lake, 1977) Unofficial Record: 41 pounds (Pyramid Lake, 1925)

12 Rainbow Trout Photo courtesy of John Rupp

13 Rainbow Trout The most important trout in North America based on its contribution to sport fisheries Comprise over 90% of the hatchery production from Nevada’s four hatcheries Rainbow are native to waters along the Pacific coast All rainbow trout existing in Nevada are introduced with the exception of the Redband Trout which can be found in 12-mile Creek in the Northwest corner of Nevada State Record: 16 pounds 4 ounces (Lake Mohave, 1971)

14 Brown Trout Photo courtesy of Mike Sevon

15 Brown Trout Imported from Europe in the late 1800s and stocked throughout the United States. They were first introduced into the Truckee River in 1895. Often described as the wariest and hardest to catch of all trout While they prefer colder water, brown trout can tolerate temperatures as warm as 75°F and can be found in slower moving water that would be unsuitable to other trout State Record: 27 pounds 5 ounces (Cave Lake, 1984)

16 Brook Trout Photo courtesy of Mike Sevon

17 Brook Trout Native to the Eastern U.S.
Stocked extensively throughout the U.S. approximately 100 years ago. Usually found inhabiting high mountain lakes and streams due to their preference for cold water (rarely found where temps exceed 65°F.) Popular with anglers – considered the easiest trout to catch and the best tasting State Record: 5 pounds 10 ounces (Bull Run Reservoir, 1980)

18 Lake Trout (Mackinaw)

19 Lake Trout (Mackinaw) Native range is the northern portion of North America from Alaska to Labrador and includes the Great Lakes Highly prized as a sport fish due to its large size (World Record – 72 pounds 4 ounces) Generally only found in deep, cold lakes In Nevada, they’re found in Lake Tahoe where they have been reported at depths as deep as 1,400 feet State Record: 37 pounds 6 ounces (Lake Tahoe, 1974)

20 Bull Trout

21 Bull Trout Native to the Jarbidge River system north of Elko.
The Jarbidge is a tributary to the Snake River in Idaho, however, the populations are separated by 150 miles of unsuitable trout habitat and several impassable dams. Federally listed as Threatened State Record: 4 pounds 6 ounces (Jarbidge River WF, 1985) World Record: 32 pounds 0 ounces (Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho)

22 Life Cycle of Salmon and Trout

23 Spawning Spawning occurs in the spring for Rainbow and Cutthroat
All other Nevada salmonids are fall spawners Female seeks out a suitable location for her nest and begins digging her redd Video footage courtesy of Manu Esteve, University of Washington

24 Factors Influencing Nest Location
Water Temperature Depth Velocity Substrate Cover for maturing fish Size of Spawners (Larger fish may choose larger streams with bigger substrate) Trout and Char often spawn in the transition area between pools and riffles where water velocity is accelerating.

25 Spawning Males will fight for spawning rights to the female. The most dominant male will spawn. The process of courtship and nest building will last for hours Only when the female is ready will spawning commence. Video footage courtesy of Manu Esteve, University of Washington

26 The female immediately begins to bury the newly laid eggs.
When the female is ready, she will signify the male by arching her back and quivering over the redd (gravel nest) she has built with her tail. The male fertilizes them by covering them with a milky substance known as milt. The female immediately begins to bury the newly laid eggs. Video footage courtesy of Manu Esteve, University of Washington

27 Egg Development Females can lay between 200 to 8,000 eggs (depending on the size of the fish). Eggs are extremely vulnerable to predators, suffocation and fungus spores. Egg development depends entirely on water temperature Rainbow trout eggs will hatch in about three weeks at a water temperature of 54°F.

28 Salmon are born in gravel beds in streams 10 to 700 miles (16 to 1200 km) from the sea. Laid in the fall, the eggs incubate over the winter, frequently under several feet (more than a metre) of snow and ice. Their pink eggs are always covered from direct sunlight. About a month after they have been deposited in the gravel, eyes begin to show. This normally happens in late November or early December. It is essential during this time that water flow and temperature are suitable. The period of greatest mortality in the salmon's life cycle is in the egg-to-fry stage.

29 TROUT IN THE CLASSROOM When will they hatch?

30 TROUT IN THE CLASSROOM Water Temperature 35 °F 40 °F 45 °F 50 °F 55 °F
Rainbow Trout Days to hatch - 80 48 31 24 DTU’s 640 624 558 552 Brown Trout 156 100 64 41 468 800 832 738

31 Hatch between Feb th.

32 TROUT IN THE CLASSROOM FACTORS EFFECTING EGG DEVELOPMENT LIGHT
-Direct sunlight or UV light will effect the development of the eggs. 30 minutes of light will kill them -The optimal thing to do is minimize there light exposure.

33 TROUT IN THE CLASSROOM TEMPERATURE
-Fluctuation for developing eggs is a good thing within range. 2°F to 3°F is an optimal temperature variation.

34 Cutthroat Trout Eggs Eyed eggs 22 days old @ 47 DegreesF
Our eggs were fertilized on Jan

35 Alevin (sac fry) Development
Stay in gravel 1-6 wks after hatching The embryo produces an enzyme which dissolves the egg shell (a white foam on the surface at hatching time). Eggshells need to be removed to prevent fungus Change half the water and use the baster to remove shells.

36 Alevin (sac fry) Development
Newly hatched trout have a yolk sac that nourishes the young fish until it is mature enough to feed itself. Sac fry remain in the gravel until their yolk sack is absorbed.

37 The vitelline vein, running through the centre of the sac, picks up oxygen from the water.

38 Cutthroat Trout Alevin(sac fry)
They will remain in the gravel and avoid light. Keep in darkness. Sac Fry 35 days old @ 47 degrees F

39 Cutthroat Trout Sac Fry
Sac Fry in late development 44days @ 47 Degrees F

40 Cutthroat Trout Fry Fry 55 days @ 47 Degrees F

41 Fry Development Once it is “buttoned-up”, the fry will work their way through the gravel to the top of the stream bed. These “swim-up” fry dart to the surface and gulp air to fill their air bladders. From this point, they are free swimming fish and begin to feed.

42 Fingerlings/Parr 2-5 “ Most hatchery trout are stocked into lakes at this size Develops “finger” markings At about 6” in length called Parr

43 Smolt At this point, the juvenile salmon loses its vertical markings on its body and turns silvery in color. Now considered Smolt, they will school together in large groups. It's at this time that the young salmon will adjust their bodies to saltwater, allowing them to swim out into the Pacific Ocean to feed and grow into adult salmon.

44

45 Juvenile Development To reach maturity a juvenile fish must:
avoid predators, Find adequate food Survive summer heat and winter cold Release 5-7 days after “button up”…

46 Adult Lahontan Cutthroat Trout – Pyramid Lake Only about 2% of fertilized eggs survive to become mature adults. Most salmonids reach sexual maturity at 3 to 5 years. Some precocious fish (usually males) mature at 2 years.


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