1. Public Policy

2. Authoritative decisions – government What is the relationship between the policy and the desired goal or “outcome”? Connection between interest articulation and public policy? Evaluation of outcomes – asking the normative questions.

3. Government and What it Does Produce goods and services: Consumer goods: –Transportation –Clothing –Industrial products (cars, refrigerators, etc) Consumer services: –Postal –Police Basic human needs –Potable water –Electricity The ratio of governmental production of goods to services varies with the type of political system.

4. Public Policies Four major types: Extractive: –Government removes resources from the domestic/international environments Distributive –Government moves resources around its domestic/international environment Regulative –Government uses its authority to induce behavior at individual or collective levels Symbolic –Government uses its persuasive abilities to persuade citizens; build community.

5. Policy Profiles Nightwatchman –Lockean state, law and order, preservation of property Police –Intrusive regulation, severe resource extraction (coercive of citizens, must “volunteer”) Welfare –Extensive distributive activities: health, education, employment, housing, income support (higher taxes) Regulatory States –A response to complexity – state oversight of public and private service provision and behavior (food safety, workplace safety, etc)

6. Extraction All political systems extract from their societies (specifically) and from their environments (generally). Forms: –Taxation –Direct taxes –Indirect taxes

7. Distribution Allocation by government of money, goods, services, honors, opportunities to groups in the society. Expenditure areas: –Health –Education –Defense –Foreign aid

8. Welfare State A set of government, sometimes private policies in the areas of pensions, health, sickness, accident insurance, unemployment benefits, etc. Private component – private donations to nonprofit organizations

9. Regulation Governmental exercise of political control over societal behavior (individual/group). States policy profiles in this area vary widely – cultural interests in regulation key. Methods vary: coercion, financial incentives, moral exhortation (“Just say No”) –Bans on use of drugs –Sin taxes –Public information campaigns –Regulations against abuse of citizens, animals, environment –Regulations to promote safety – traffic cameras, gun control, citizenship rights, etc.

10. Community Building and Symbolic Policies Symbolic outputs occur for the following reasons: –To increase compliance (law) –To persuade voters (elections) –To accept hardship/sacrifice (service) –To build community/national identity/civic pride (socialization) –To enhance governmental legitimacy (new political structures in Iraq – 2004)

11. Outcomes: Domestic Welfare Consequences? Impact on lives? Domestic actions impacted by not directly controllable international events. Actions can have unintended consequences (positive or negative). Important to evaluate/measure outcomes for effectiveness/desirability of policy.

12. Outcomes: Domestic Security Fundamental role of Government: Domestic law and order most fundamental from Hobbesian view – domestic economic stability most fundamental from Lockean view. In context of high crime are the fundamentals of daily life possible?

13. International Outputs War – global and civil conflict –Russia/USSR – 24 million deaths between 1900-1995 –Third World countries United Nations –Peacekeeping efforts National security – enormous costs, on rise since 9/11

14. Political Goods and Values Goods and values related at the system, process and policy levels of analysis –System goods reflect the functioning of the political system as a unit. –Process goods reflect the domestic functions of the political system components – democracy, citizen participation/political competition. (Effectiveness and efficiency are desired here). –Policy goods reflect the outcomes of the system components – economic welfare, security, citizen freedom (fairness).

15. Political/Economic arrangements for achieving political goods Advanced Industrial nations –Industrial authoritarian Repressed political participation, encouraged private enterprise (economic inequality predominated) this combination generated unrest - demise of authoritarian Regimes. –Market oriented and social democracies Taxes, welfare and regulation/size of government re- considered by both – environment new issue

16. Political/Economic arrangements Pre-industrial nations –Neo-traditional Saudi Arabia, rentier state selective modernization –Personal rule Sub-Saharan Africa –Clerico-Mobilizational regimes Iran – religious authority –Technocratic-repressive South America – business, military, civil technocrats repressed allowed economic growth –Technocratic-distributive South Korea suppressed political participation encouraged economic re- distribution – has since expanded democracy –Technocratic-moblizational single party political systems Mexico, Taiwan