1. The TELNET Protocol
Mozafar Bag Mohammadi

2. Telnet
Telnet is generally considered the first network application. (late 1960s)
Uses a client/server model to define a standard way in which to interact with a remote system.
The telnet protocol is the basis for many protocols
FTP, HTTP, SMTP, NTTP just to name a few.
They don’t open a telnet connection, just use the protocol.

3. TELNET vs. telnet
TELNET is a protocol that provides “a general, bi-directional, eight-bit byte oriented communications facility”.
telnet is a program that supports the TELNET protocol over TCP.

4. The TELNET Protocol TCP connection
data and control over the same connection.
Network Virtual Terminal
negotiated options

5. Network Virtual Terminal
All communications uses a standard terminal called NVT
The client takes input, translates into NVT sends it to the server, which translates to the representation that the computer uses.
Special Telnet commands are interspersed with the data to perform the functions needed to for the operation of the protocol

6. Network Virtual Terminal
Server
Process
NVT
NVT
TCP
TCP

7. Telnet

8. NVT ASCII Control Codes
Three mandatory codes
0, Null
No operation, no effect on output
10, Line Feed
Moves printer to the next line, keep same print position
13, Carriage Return
Moves the printer to the left margin of the current line

9. NVT ASCII Control Codes(2)
Optional Codes
7, Bell
8, Back Space
Move the print position one character to the left
9, Horizontal tab
11, Vertical Tab
devices negotiate to agree on tab stops
12, Form Feed
next page or clear the screen and put cursor at the top

10. NVT ASCII Control Codes(3)
End of line marker
Since different computers use different standards for the end of line marker,
CR+LF is defined as the end of line marker.

11. Negotiated Options All NVTs support a minimal set of capabilities.
Some terminals have more capabilities than the minimal set.
The 2 endpoints negotiate a set of mutually acceptable options (character set, echo mode, etc).

12. Negotiated Options
The protocol for requesting optional features is well defined and includes rules for eliminating possible negotiation “loops”.
The set of options is not part of the TELNET protocol, so that new terminal features can be incorporated without changing the TELNET protocol.

13. Option examples Line mode vs. character mode echo modes
character set (EBCDIC vs. ASCII)

14. Control Functions
TELNET includes support for a series of control functions commonly supported by servers.
This provides a uniform mechanism for communication of (the supported) control functions.

15. Control Functions Interrupt Process (IP) Abort Output (AO)
suspend/abort process.
Abort Output (AO)
process can complete, but send no more output to user’s terminal.
Are You There (AYT)
check to see if system is still running.

16. More Control Functions
Erase Character (EC)
delete last character sent
typically used to edit keyboard input.
Erase Line (EL)
delete all input in current line.

17. Command Structure
All TELNET commands and data flow through the same TCP connection.
Commands start with a special character called the “Interpret as Command” escape character (IAC).
The IAC code is 255.
If a 255 is sent as data - it must be followed by another 255.

18. Looking for Commands
Each receiver must look at each byte that arrives and look for IAC.
If IAC is found and the next byte is IAC - a single byte is presented to the application/terminal (a 255).
If IAC is followed by any other code - the TELNET layer interprets this as a command.

19. commands WILL option (to Enable an option)
Response is either
DO option, indicate agreement and enable option
DONT option, initiator must not use the option.
WONT option (to disable option)
Response must be
DONT option, option is disabled.

20. Command Codes WILL 251 WON’T 252 DO 253 DON’T 254 IAC 255 IP 243
AO 244
AYT 245
EC 246
EL 247
WILL 251
WON’T 252
DO 253
DON’T 254
IAC 255

21. Telnet Options When a option needs more parameters
Use SB (subnegotiation) and SE (end subnegotiation )command
Example: negotiate the terminal type
(IAC is interpret as command)
IAC WILL Terminal-type
IAC DO Terminal-type
IAC SB terminal-type SEND IAC SE
IAC SB TERINAL-TYPE IS <type> IAC SE

22. Playing with TELNET
You can use the telnet program to play with the TELNET protocol.
telnet is a generic TCP client.
Sends whatever you type to the TCP socket.
Prints whatever comes back through the TCP socket.
Useful for testing TCP servers (ASCII based protocols).

23. Some TCP Servers you can play with
Many Unix systems have these servers running (by default):
echo port 7
discard port 9
daytime port 13
chargen port 19

24. telnet hostname port > telnet rcs.rpi.edu 7
Trying
Connected to cortez.sss.rpi.edu ( ).
Escape character is '^]'.
Hi dave
stop it ^]
telnet> quit
Connection closed.

25. telnet vs. TCP Not all TCP servers talk TELNET (most don't)
You can use the telnet program to play with these servers, but the fancy commands won't do anything.
type ^], then "help" for a list of fancy TELNET stuff you can do in telnet.

26. RFCs
The first RFC specifically defining Telnet was RFC 97, First Cut at a Proposed Telnet Protocol, published in February 1971.
Telnet Protocol Specification, was published as RFC 854 in May 1983.
Telnet Option Specifications, RFC 855