1. Aim: How do vaccinations protect us against disease ? Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying and destroying foreign substances or organisms.

2. Active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen.

3. and cells…

4. Vaccination means of producing immunity against pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, by the introduction of live, killed, or altered antigens that stimulate the body to produce antibodies against more dangerous forms.immunity

5. Vaccine is made from an antigen isolated or produced from the disease- causing microorganism vaccine is injected into the blood stream. The B cells in the blood stream respond to the antigen by producing antibodies antibodies bind to the antigen to "neutralize"or inactivate it memory cells are produced and remain ready to mount a quick protective immune response against subsequent infection with the same disease causing agent.

6. Memory Cells and Immunity

7. Vaccine Mass Production

8. There is no vaccine for the HIV virus Electron Micrographs and schematic of HIV Yellow – lipid bilayer Red, Black & green – different proteins

9. HIV attacks the CD4 immune cell

10. Macrophage T Cell Helper T Cell Killer T Cell Infected Cell Antigens are displayed on surface of macrophage T cell binds to activated macrophage T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them Section 40-2 Normal function of a T Cell

11. Immune cells…

12. HIV affects T-cells A normal T cell count is usually over 1000, although it may dip occasionally to even 400 in response to other infections. In HIV we see a decrease in T cells (CD4 cells) over time which does not recover without adequate and long-term control of the HIV virus.

13. HIV doesn't kill anybody directly… instead, it weakens the body's ability to fight disease.

14. Brainstorm What vaccinations have you received?

15. Recommended Vaccinations: Hepatitis B Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) Hib (meningitis) IPV (polio) Influenza WGBH American Experience - The Polio CrusadeInfluenzaWGBH American Experience - The Polio Crusade MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) Varicella (chickenpox) MCV4 (bacterial meningitis) Hepatitis A

16. The Pros and Cons of Vaccinations The practice of vaccinating ourselves, our children, and our animals to prevent disease is the subject of a great deal of debate. Heated discussions arise over what to vaccinate with, when to vaccinate, who to vaccinate, and even whether to vaccinate at all.