1. Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections Serge Abiteboul, Yael Amsterdamer, Daniel Deutch, Tova Milo, Pierre Senellart BDA 2011

2. Adding probabilities to an XML Schema The Web is full of semi-structured documents Given a collection of XML documents, we would like to have a schema the documents conform to. – E.g., DTD or XSD – Restricts the structure, mostly parent-child node relations (using regular expressions) The schema may be very general (e.g., xhtml, RSS) We want to add probabilities to 'guide' the schema – Optimal probabilities – maximize the likelihood of a corpus - 2 - Motivation Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

3. Implementation Idea: XML Editor Auto-Completion Based on previous document versions / corpus of user documents / corpus of example documents – Suggest nodes / sub-trees / node values to the user For example: Challenges: – Allow editing in every part of the document – What kind of completion to suggest? – Finding the top-k best completions - 3 - Motivation Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer Provenance Minimization Yael A. Daniel D. Tova M. Val T. Provenance for Aggregates Yael A. Daniel D./author> Val T.

4. Many Other Usages for a Probabilistic Schema Testing – e.g., generating many XML messages to simulate network load and test system performance. Explaining – e.g., the probabilistic schema for DBLP shows which types of publications are rarely used, which kinds of attributes are not filled for BibTex, etc. Querying – e.g., finding the probability that a paper has more than 3 authors. – e.g., finding the top-k best completions to a partial document. Schema Evaluation – how well a given schema describes a given corpus. - 4 - Motivation Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

5. Our solution - An Outline - 5 -Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer Preliminaries – Tree Automata Generators for Schemas without Constraints Restart Generators Continuation-Test Generators Leaf Values Adding Constraints

6. Using a Tree Automaton for Schema Verification - 6 - Preliminaries Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer q0q0 q1q1 q2q2 b ac $ An XML document is modeled as an ordered tree. Document d 0 : The children of a-labeled node are accepted by DFA A a Automaton A r : (L( A r ) = a*bc*$) This is done for every inner node in a fixed order (BF-LTR) abcd 532 $ r abc

7. Using the Schema as a (Probabilistic) Generator Each transition is assigned a probability We assume independent choices, thus the document probability is the product of all t-probs. Thus, PR( d )=p a ∙p a ∙p b ∙p $ The schema and generator ignore leaf values (for now!) - 7 - Without Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer b a c $ $ papa pcpc pbpb p$p$ q0q0 q1q1 q2q2 r aab

8. An Algorithm for Probabilities Learning - 8 - Without Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer b ac $ $ The frequency each transition is chosen during the corpus verification process is recorded. (q 0, a) (q 0, b) (q 1, c) (q 1, $) 1 1 1 1 q0q0 q1q1 q2q2 r abc

9. An Algorithm for Probabilities Learning (Cont.) This is repeated for every node in every corpus document. We set the probability of each transition to be its relative frequency. - 9 - Without Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer (q 0, a)1 (q 0, b)1 (q 1, c)1 (q 1, $)1 /2 These probabilities maximize the likelihood of generating the corpus – optimal generator (similar result in PCFGs)

10. Our Results Relative frequencies make optimal probabilities. Optimal probability learning and document generation can be done efficiently. Additional non-trivial result: Generation terminates with probability 1. – Guaranteed because of the choice of probabilities according to the corpus. - 10 - Without Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

11. Integrity Constraints We want to allow the use of the following constraints in the schema: – Key Constraint: the leaves of a-labeled leaves have unique values (unary key) – Inclusion Constraint: the values of a-labeled leaves are contained in those of b-labeled leaves – Domain Constraint: the values of a-labeled leaves belong to some (finite or infinite) domain - 11 - Adding Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

12. Restart Generators A naïve idea: – Use a probabilistic generator to generate a document – Check if it has a value assignment valid w.r.t. the constraints – If not, 'restart' and try again until a valid document is generated Good news: Checking the existence of a valid assignment is in PTIME Bad news: number of restarts can be unboundedly large in an optimal generator – A different quality measure for restart generators? - 12 - Adding Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

13. Continuation-test Generators Never make choices that lead to a 'dead end', thus always generate a valid document. We use a binary test to check if a choice has a continuation. Add to the schema of d 0 the constraints: – c is included in a – c is unique The generation process: - 13 - Adding Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer b a c $ $ papa pcpc pbpb p$p$ q0q0 q1q1 q2q2 r abc Pr( d ) = p a ∙p b ∙p c ∙1 Perform a continuation-test before taking the transition Implies |c|≤|a|

14. Algorithm for Learning Probabilities with Constraints The probabilities are again relative frequencies, but – only in cases where there was an alternative choice. The learned generator will generate as many c-s as a-s Adding Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer (q 0, a)1 (q 0, b)1 (q 1, c)1 (q 1, $)0 /2 /1 (q 1, $) was chosen only when (q 1, c) was not available. - 14 -

15. Our Results The algorithm learns an optimal continuation-test generator, for automata with binary choices. – Extensions to non-binary are discussed in the paper Bad News: Continuation-test is NP-Complete – But only in the size of the schema; it is polynomial in the document size (not so bad?) – Based on schema satisfiability test [David et al. 2011] More Bad News: probability of termination may be arbitrarily small! – Even for simple, non-recursive schemas – Can be handled by adding a constraint on the document size. – Sub-classes of schemas that guarantee termination? - 15 - Adding Constraints Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

16. Suggested Algorithm We start with a valid document skeleton Order labels by inclusion constraints (e.g., c, b, a) Choose a leaf from the 'smallest' (most included) label, and including leaves Draw a value (from the domain) according to a given distribution. Use PTIME test to verify validity, if not revert the step - 16 - Leaf Values Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer $ r abc abcd efg

17. Possible improvement to the basic algorithm Annotate the leaves with 'old' or 'new' For 'old' a-labeled leaves choose values already chosen for some a-labeled leaf For 'new' choose a value unused by a-labeled leaves yet Annotations can be learned from the corpus, and generated: – Offline – after the document generation, using a PTIME validity test – Online – during document generation, using a continuation test. – Both methods are incomparable in terms of quality - 17 - Leaf Values Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer newoldnew $ r aab

18. Ideas for Experimental Study on Probabilistic generators How many schemas in practice may require continuation tests? How many have termination probability < 1? Continuation test is expensive, but how expensive is it in practice? 'Competition' between restart and continuation-test generators More? - 18 - Implementation Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer

19. Thank You! Questions, Ideas?...

20. Using a Tree Automaton for Schema Verification Preliminaries Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer q0q0 q1q1 q2q2 b ac $ r abc $ An XML is modeled as an ordered tree. Document d 0 : The children of a-labeled node are accepted by automaton A a Automaton A r : This is done for every inner node in a fixed order (BF-LTR)

21. Sentence Generation Example Input: a simple paragraph in an XML format Sam is a student. She goes to school on Weekdays. Marley thinks Sam is nice. Input: a (manually created) schema Output: randomly generated paragraphs a student is nice. a student thinks Sam thinks Sam thinks a student is nice. Sam thinks Sam is nice. Sam thinks She is nice. She is Sam. Sam is Marley. Marley thinks a student goes to school on weekdays. Sam goes to school on weekdays. Sam is nice. Marley thinks Sam is nice. Marley is Sam. Challenges: – Can constraints be useful here? – Creating an elaborate schema (classical NLP problem) - 18 - Implementation Finding Optimal Probabilistic Generators for XML Collections – Yael Amsterdamer