1. Logical Reasoning Introduction

2. What is Forensics? An application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. It is the responsibility of this science to provide timely, accurate, and through information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system. PERFECTION IS YOUR PRIORITY!

3. History Sherlock Holmes- fictional character developed by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; used early forensic detection Sherlock Holmes- fictional character developed by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; used early forensic detection Mathieu Orfilia- father of forensic toxicology Mathieu Orfilia- father of forensic toxicology Bertillon- developed personal identification system (based on bodily measurements). Known as the father of criminal identification Bertillon- developed personal identification system (based on bodily measurements). Known as the father of criminal identification Francis Galton- developed first fingerprint classification system, but was not the first to consider fingerprints as a means of identification Francis Galton- developed first fingerprint classification system, but was not the first to consider fingerprints as a means of identification

4. History Cont. Leone Lattes- discovered blood type could be used in identification Leone Lattes- discovered blood type could be used in identification Calvin Goddard- refined bullet comparison using comparison microscope Calvin Goddard- refined bullet comparison using comparison microscope Albert S. Osborn- est. fundamental principles of document examination Albert S. Osborn- est. fundamental principles of document examination Hans Gross- described the application of science to the field of investigation Hans Gross- described the application of science to the field of investigation Edmond Locard- put Gross’s method into a laboratory; est. exchange principle Edmond Locard- put Gross’s method into a laboratory; est. exchange principle J. Edgar Hoover- director of FBI; est. national lab aimed at offering forensic services to all law enforcement J. Edgar Hoover- director of FBI; est. national lab aimed at offering forensic services to all law enforcement

5. Crime Lab Services Federal Level FBI- maintains the largest crime laboratory in the WORLD DEA- Drug Enforcement Administration -(Dept. of Justice) analysis of drugs seized in violation of federal laws Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms - (Dept. of Treasure) analyzing alcoholic beverages, tax law, weapons, explosives, and related evidence U.S. Postal Inspection Service- investigation related to postal services

6. STATE LEVEL Must maintain a crime laboratory to service state and local law enforcement agencies that do not have ready access to a lab. Must maintain a crime laboratory to service state and local law enforcement agencies that do not have ready access to a lab. LOCAL LEVEL - Provide services to county and municipal agencies - KY provides 6 crime labs - 5 regional labs and 1 central lab - Go to kentuckystatepolice.org

7. 10 UNITS 1.) Physical Evidence- applies principles and techniques of chemistry, physics and geology for comparison and identification of crime scene evidence 2.) Biology- bloodstains, body fluids, hairs, fibers and botanical materials 3.) Firearms - firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition

8. 4.) Document Examination- handwriting and typewriting ascertaining authenticity and/or source 5.) Photography - examines and records evidence, prepares exhibits for courtroom presentations

9. Of those 10 Units only the first five are “basic” services, the following are optional and are not offered by all crime labs 6.) Toxicology - presence or absence of drugs and poisons

10. 7.) Latent Fingerprint- processing and examining evidence for fingerprints 8.) Polygraph - lie detector  9.) Voiceprint Analysis- sound spectrograph transforms speech into visual graphic 10.) Evidence - collection; collects and PRESERVES physical evidence to be processed

11. Fingerprint Experts- dactyloscopy Crime Scene Photographers- id technician or identification officer: can also be trained in fingerprint lifting and analysis Pathologist- determines cellular changes in tissue, studies disease; causes, processes, dev., and consequences

12. Psychologists- develops psychological profile of the criminal Serologists- studies blood groups and other bodily fluids Odontologists- examines teeth and bite marks Ballistics Expert- study of firearms Chemists- chemical analysis of physical evidence

13. Geologists- studies soil samples Entomologists- study of insects and decompostion Anthropologists- study of bones to determine height, weight, sex, race, physical characteristics Artists- drawing likeness based on eyewitness description or aging a photograph

14. Sculptors- reconstruction with modeling clay Linguists- analyze written and oral communication to identify who is speaking, speakers intent Engineering- concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction and causes and origin of fires and explosions

15. Expert Witness A forensic scientist may also provide expert court testimony. An expert witness is an individual whom the court determines possesses knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average person.

16. The Frye Standard The Frye v. United States decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom. To meet the Frye standard, the evidence in question must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community.

17. Frye Not Absolute Trial judges were said to be ultimately responsible as “gatekeepers” for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence presented in their courts, as well as all expert testimony.