1. Russia and the European Convention on Human Rights: The Role of Courts and NGOs Presented by Anton Burkov

2. Statement of High Court Chief Justice Ivan Ovcharuk “No, we do not hold any special trainings on the Convention. What sort of training does one need in order to honour the provisions of Article 6 [of the Convention]? All you need is to follow the national legislation.” (From an online press-conference “Judge Shall Know Everything”)

3. Outline History of the Russian Federation accession to the Council of Europe Dualistic Heritage Political accession Quality of implementation of the Convention by Russian courts Status of the Convention in the Russian legal system Judicial practice of Convention implementation Role of Russian NGOs

4. Political Accession to the Council of Europe Council of Europe Russian Ministry for Foreign Affairs Same conclusion The legal order of the Russian Federation does not meet the Council of Europe standards

5. Arguments for Accession Neither of them presented “human rights” arguments for accession Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe State Duma of the Russian Federation

6. Consequences of Political Accession Scholar’s prediction: “Given Russia’s lack of experience in protecting human rights, it is likely that a great many violations of human rights will be committed there, and that they will not be remedied domestically.” (Mark Janis) Reality 10 years after accession: Russia is a leading country in number of applications brought before the ECHR – 19,000 applications (21.2 %) against Russia pending out of total 89,600 applications. As a comparison, only 2,350 applications (2.6%) are pending against the UK.

7. Why Russia Contributes to the ECHR Crisis Lack of experience in protecting human rights The concept of international law that existed in the Soviet legal system and the foreign policy of Soviet Union Soviet Union - dualistic country Soviet Union ratified more HRs treaties than any other country Treaties were never incorporated into the domestic legal system

8. Value System Formed During Soviet Time Chief Justice of the Severdlovsk Oblast Court in charge of his court for 20 years Chief Justice of the Russian Supreme Court holding his position for 18 years SINCE 1980s! SINCE last century! SINCE Soviet time!

9. General Understanding of the Convention Under Article 1 of the Convention, Russia has undertaken an obligation “to secure to everyone within its jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in Section I of the Convention” (“to bring human rights home”) National understanding: The right to complain to an international body (the right “to write to Strasbourg”)

10. Status of the Convention Russia is a monistic country Russian Constitution: “The international treaties signed by the Russian Federation shall be a component part of its legal system” No bar to the domestic use of ECHR case-law in interpreting the Convention (Russia recognises compulsory jurisdiction of the ECHR) No difference between the Convention and the Civil Procedure Code

11. Status of the Convention (cont’d) Russian legal order is more favourable towards the Convention - “[i]f an international treaty of the Russian Federation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the statute, the rules of the international treaty shall apply” Constitution Convention Federal laws

12. Constitutional Court Established an obligation to give direct domestic effect to decisions of international bodies, including the ECHR Importance: Russian lawyers are not accustomed to looking at case-law in order to interpret meaning of statutes. Case-law is not reported.

13. Supreme Courts’ Regulations Regulations are explanations of judicial practice issues based on the overview and generalization of lower courts’ and Supreme Courts’ jurisprudence. They are abstract opinions that are legally binding on all lower courts, summarizing the judicial practice of lower courts and explaining the way a particular provision of the law should be applied. They CANNOT be considered as case-law

14. 2003 Regulation Reiterated the Constitution “Judges should interpret the treaty by taking into account any subsequent practice of a treaty body [ECHR]” Provided a brief overview of ECHR case-law on Articles 3, 5, 6, and 13 of the Convention

15. Quality of Implementation of the Convention by Supreme Court Out of 3911 judgments ONLY 12 judgments mention the Convention 8 out of 12 judgments contain assessment of compliance with the Convention Cases contain no reference to ECHR case-law Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s jurisprudence does not invoke the Convention at all

16. Quality of Implementation of the Convention by Commercial Courts Out of 38,068 judgments ONLY 23 mention the Convention ONLY 8 cite an article of the Convention In the other 15 cases, the Courts briefly cite arguments of a party based on the Convention, but did not provide assessment of those arguments Not a single reference to ECHR case-law

17. Quality of Implementation of the Convention by Constitutional Court (1996-2004) Out of 166 judgments ONLY 54 judgments cite the Convention ONLY 12 out of these 54 judgments refer to ECHR case-law In all 12 instances, the entire analysis of ECHR case-law never occupies more than a paragraph

18. Quality of Implementation of the Convention by Constitutional Court (cont’d) 10 out of 12 judgments which cite ECHR case-law do not provide specific paragraph references of the ECHR judgment cited 7 have no reference to a source from which the case was reported 2 references do not contain the name of the case 1 contains an incorrect date of the judgment Misspelling of cases are common

19. Quality of Implementation of the Convention by Constitutional Court (cont’d) RECENT CHANGES: For 2005 seven, and for the first months of 2006 three, decisions containing direct references to the jurisprudence of the ECHR were reported Apparently the changes were triggered by the newly appointed Justice Krasavchikova, a professor of civil law, who has never served as a judge before

20. Poniatovski v. Government Reporting Justice – Krasavchikova The applicant challenged the constitutionality of the Government Regulation which stipulated that judgments against the Government are executed by the Ministry of Finance under the procedure specified by the Government, rather than the bailiff under the procedure established by statute contained NO mechanism to hold the Ministry of Finance responsible for not carrying out its duty

21. Poniatovski v. Government Reporting Justice – Krasavchikova (cont’d) The Court for the first time applied 4 (!) ECHR cases on fair trial and right to property: Execution of a judgment is a component part of the administration of justice process. (Wasserman v. Russia) “The right would be illusory if a Contracting State's domestic legal system allowed a final, binding judicial decision to remain inoperative to the detriment of one party”. (Hornsby v. Greece) Failing to comply with the judgments, the national authorities prevented the applicant from receiving the money he could reasonably have expected to receive. A lack of funds cannot justify such an omission. (Burdov v. Russia) “Nobody can be a judge in its own case.” (Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece)

22. Quality of Implementation of the Convention by District Courts Rare occasions where the Convention has been implemented were prompted by the applicants’ arguments based on ECHR case- law, rather than the Courts’ own initiative Interdependence between persistent applicants’ arguments based on ECHR case- law and quality of the Convention’s implementation by the Courts

23. NGO Observations Where only the Convention was cited, it has not led to a resolution of a case based on international legal principles Applicant’s memoranda to courts changed from simple citation of the Convention to comprehensive submission regarding the direct implementation of the Convention and case-law Messages contained in Court memoranda: The Convention has the status of a federal law The Convention can only be interpreted and implemented through the prism of ECHR case-law Unlike the Supreme Court, District Courts have been citing ECHR case-law

24. Strong Resistance on the Part of Judges to Invoke the Convention Judges lack knowledge and experience in implementaion of international law. However, the more judges face arguments based on ECHR case- law, the more likely they will implement it. Incorrect understanding of the phenomenon of precedent. Biased consideration of a case: If there is a ‘willingness’ to rule against the defendant, the judges do not notice the case-law on purpose. A possible ruling on a particular right could result in far reaching consequences for a State body or official as to the lawfulness of their actions.

25. Lay Judges Issue Lay judges are common citizens called for judicial duty once a year (max 14 days) to administer justice along with a professional judge (2 lay judges + 1 judge) In fact they serve on a regular basis (1-2 years!) Many applicants have unsuccessfully challenged their judgments arguing violation of the right to a fair trial under the Convention

26. Lay Judges Litigation Campaign Presidential Decree of 25 January 2000 which, in violation of the Law on Lay Judges extended 14-day term to an indefinite date, was challenged before Supreme Court In court proceedings, lawyers have pleaded a challenge to lay judges on the ground of a breach of the Convention All judgments delivered by lay judges were appealed on the same ground Applicants petitioned the legislative body of the Sverdlovsk region and the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which were responsible for drafting the list of lay judges Posokhov v. Russia (ECHR case)

27. Lay Judges Litigation Campaign Posokhov v. Russia Posokhov was convicted by lay judges for smuggling vodka He pleaded inter alia that lay judges cannot consider his case due to expiration of their term The European Court ruled that the applicant’s case was not decided by “a tribunal established by law” therefore his right to a fair trial was violated and awarded compensation

28. Lay Judges Litigation Campaign (cont’d) In Beliaev v. Sverdlovsk Oblast Duma the applicant complained about a violation of his right to a fair trial Argument: All District Courts of the region could not be considered “tribunals established by law” because they had been composed in breach of the Lay Judges Act The applicant based his case on Posokhov v. Russia The original court completely ignored the arguments based on the Posokhov case The Court of Cassation stated that Beliaev could not invoke the Posokhov case due to the fact that the cases were different

29. Lay Judges Litigation Campaign Final Success - State v. Parshukov On 13 July 2005, the Presidium of the Sverdlovsk Oblast Court (court of extra-judicial instance) quashed the lower court decision in State v. Parshukov due to violation of Article 6 of the Convention This case was similar to Posokhov case – the quashed decision was delivered by a professional judge and two lay judges Posokhov v. Russia was comprehensively cited

30. Applying the Convention in Russian Courts: General Observations of Campaigners “In 1996 neither us, nor anybody else in Russia knew how to apply the Convention.” Nobody knew ‘where to use it’ ‘how to use it.’

31. Sutyajnik’s Educational Campaign Began strategic litigation campaign first by educating themselves Filing law–suits Each law-suit contained a paragraph on the Convention Each case memo had a section on the Convention Each trial speech contained arguments based on the Convention

32. Main Reason for Ignoring Arguments Based on the Convention Judges lack knowledge and experience in implementing the ECHR However, the more judges face arguments based on ECHR case-law, the more likely they will apply it

33. Other Methods Used in Sutyajnik’s Advocacy Campaign Teach what we have learned and experienced at special trainings at universities (mostly private) Publish newspaper and law-journal articles Books Conduct PR-campaigns press-releases press-conferences round tables Conferences Create web-site “Learning How to Apply the Convention” Bring cases to the European Court as a last resort

34. The Impact of the Convention on Russian Law For more details on the domestic application of the Convention by Russian Courts, refer to Anton Burkov, The Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on Russian Law (Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag, 2007), www.sutyajnik.ru/bal/ibidem

35. Thank you! Spacibo!