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2. Chapter 19 Star Formation

3. 19.1 Star-Forming Regions Star formation is ongoing; star-forming regions are seen in our galaxy as well as others:

4. 19.1 Star-Forming Regions Star formation happens when part of a dust cloud begins to contract under its own gravitational force; as it collapses, the center becomes hotter and hotter until nuclear fusion begins in the core. The main driving force behind star formation is gravity!

5. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun Stars go through a number of stages in the process of forming from an interstellar cloud:

6. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun Stage 1: Interstellar cloud starts to contract, probably triggered by shock or pressure wave from nearby star. As it contracts, the cloud fragments into smaller pieces, forming many stars.

7. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun Stage 2: Individual cloud fragments begin to collapse. Once the density is high enough, there is no further fragmentation. Stage 3: The interior of the fragment has begun heating, and is about 10,000 K.

8. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun Stage 4: The core of the cloud is now a protostar, an embryonic object at the dawn of star birth. It also makes its first appearance on the H–R diagram and begins its evolutionary track

9. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun In stage 4, the star is surrounded by a protostellar disk, where planetary formation may or may not begin to occur

10. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun Stage 5: Protostellar Evollution The protostar’s luminosity decreases even as its temperature rises because it is becoming more compact.

11. 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun Stage 6: New Born Star The core reaches 10 million K, and nuclear fusion begins. The protostar has become a star. Stage 7: Main Sequence The star continues to contract and increase in temperature, until it is in equilibrium. The star has reached the main sequence and will remain there as long as it has hydrogen to fuse. What distinguishes a collapsing cloud from a protostar and a protostar from a star?

12. 19.3 Stars of Other Masses This H–R diagram shows the evolution of stars somewhat more and somewhat less massive than the Sun. The shape of the paths is similar, but they wind up in different places on the main sequence.

13. 19.3 Stars of Other Masses The main sequence is a band, rather than a line, because stars of the same mass can have different compositions. Most important: Stars do not move along the main sequence! Once they reach it, they are in equilibrium, and do not move until their fuel begins to run out.

14. 19.3 Stars of Other Masses Brown Dwarfs: Some fragments are too small for fusion ever to begin. They gradually cool off and become dark “clinkers.” A brown dwarf is therefore a low mass prestellar fragment. Is Jupiter a brown dwarf? No anything that is 12 Jupiter masses or less is considered a planet, and not of stellar relation.

15. 19.4 Observations of Cloud Fragments and Protostars Bipolar Flow: Protostars are believed to have very strong winds, which clear out an area around the star roughly the size of our solar system.

16. 19.4 Observations of Cloud Fragments and Protostars These two jets are matter being expelled from around an unseen protostar, still obscured by dust.

17. 19.5 Shock Waves and Star Formation Shock waves from nearby star formation can be the trigger needed to start the collapse process in an interstellar cloud:

18. 19.5 Shock Waves and Star Formation Other triggers: Death of a nearby Sunlike star Supernova Density waves in galactic spiral arms Galaxy collisions Why might we expect multiple episodes of star formation to occur in some locations?

19. 19.6 Star Clusters The end result of a collapse of a cloud that forms a group of stars all in the same region of space

20. 19.6 Star Clusters This is a young star cluster called the Pleiades. The H–R diagram of its stars is on the right. This is an example of an open cluster: a loose irregular cluster formation.

21. 19.6 Star Clusters This is a globular cluster – note the absence of massive main-sequence stars, and the heavily populated Red Giant region.

22. 19.6 Star Clusters The differences in the H–R diagrams of open and globular clusters is that the globular clusters are very old, while the open clusters are much younger. The absence of massive main sequence stars in the globular cluster is due to its extreme age – those stars have already used up their fuel and have moved off the main sequence. Globular clusters came from a time when there was much less heavy elements.