1. VOTING TECHNOLOGY Paper ballots used universally into 20 th century 1930s onwards –new technology available –long (and complex) ballots Lever machines –e.g., New York, Alabama

2. VOTING TECHNOLOGY (cont.) 1950s –Punch cards machines 1960s –Optical scan machines 2000s –Touch-screen (“ATM”) machines

4. Caltech-MIT Voting Technology Project (post-2000) Assessment of reliability of different voting technologies Rate of apparently spoiled ballots –undervotes vs. overvotes –does voter get feedback? Reliability –Paper –Optical touch-screen ??? –Lever –Punch card

5. Why does U.S have bigger voting technology problems than other countries? “long ballot” –Multiple offices (plus propositions, etc.) –Overlapping districts –Need rapid counting at precinct level U.K. vs. typical U.S. election cycle –UK: MP, local councillor [MEP, MSP etc.] –US: President, US Senate, US House, Governor etc.; state Senator; state House; county executive or mayor, county &/or city council, school board, state &/or local judges etc; other offices; bond issues; propositions; initiatives [and primary &/or runoff elections]

6. Other Issues Absentee ballots Early Voting Mail ballots (Oregon)

7. Election Administration Prescribed by state law (with increasing but still secondary federal regulation) Administered by counties, often with variation from county to county Episodic tasks, heavily dependent on more or less volunteer labor Often party organizations are involved –Checks and balances?