1. The Kingdom ANIMALS Eukaryotic cells Multicellular Heterotrophic by ingestion

2. Classification Tools for Animals 1. Body Symmetry 2. Level of Body Organization 3. Body Cavities:Presence of a Coelom 4. Embryological Development: Protostome vs Deterostome 5. Segmentation / Cephalization 6. Presence of a Notochord 7. Presence of a Vertebral Column

3. 1. Body Symmetry A. Asymmetry B. Radial Symmetry C. Bilateral Symmetry D. (Pentaradial symmetry – Echninoderms)

4. Example: Porifera Sea Sponges and Corals a. Asymmetry –No symmetry at all!

5. Porifera

6. Radial Symmetry Example: Cnidaria

7. Cnidaria and Radial Symmetry Cnidaria actually go through a developmental stage of bilateral symmetry before they develop their radial symmetry as an adult.

8. Sea Anemone

9. Crown Jellyfish

11. Soft Coral Polyps

12. Bilateral Symmetry – Candy striped Annelid

13. Blue Spotted Sting Ray

14. Marine Flatworm

15. African Elephants

16. 2. Levels of Organization A. Cellular – no true tissues B. Tissues C. Organ

17. a. Cellular Level of Organization Porifera are really just an assemblage of different specialized cells. They have no tissues or organs

18. b. Tissue Level of Organization Cnidaria have two tissue layers surrounding it’s sac body plan. They do not have any organs or organ systems

19. c. Organ Level of Organization Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are the first animals on the phylogenetic tree that have simple organs. They have very primitive “brains” in their “heads”- called cephalization

20. Platyhelminthes ( flatworms)- have simple organs and exhibit simple cephalization

21. Organ System Level of Organization As we move up the evolutionary tree, organ systems become increasingly more complicated

22. Body Cavities A. Sac body plan B. tube-within-a-tube body plan - Acoelomates - Pseudocoelomates - Coelomates

23. a. Sac Body Plan – only one opening for food to enter and wastes to exit Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

24. b. Tube-Within-A-Tube Body Plan Implies that there is an entrance (mouth) for nutrients and an exit (anus) for wastes Most primitive animal with this plan: Nematodes

25. Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates

26. Acoelomates: Animals without a Coelom There is no internal body cavity aside from the digestive cavity

27. Pseudocoelomates: Animals with an internal body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm

28. Coelomates: Animals with a true Coelom A true coelom is an internal body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm

29. 4. Embryo Development: Protostome vs. Deuterostome

30. 5. Segmentation – Annelids, Arthropods and Chordates Repetition of body parts along the length of the body Leads to specialization of parts because various segments can become differentiated for specific purposes

31. Segmentation - easily seen in the Arthropods

32. 6. Presence of a Notochord A notochord is a supporting rod that runs down the dorsal surface, just below the nerve cord. Animals that have a notochord are called chordates.

33. Vertebrate vs Invertebrate.

35. External Fertilization vs Internal Fertilization

36. a. Invertebrate Chordates: Tunicates most animals that have notochords also have vertebrate. However, there are 2 groups that do not. Those animals that do not have vertebrate are called the INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES

37. a. Invertebrate Chordates: Lancelets

38. Vertebrates – Chordates with a backbone