1. Reproductive Systems

2. Major Organs of the Reproductive System zOvaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and hormones are produced. zTestes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.

3. Reproductive Terms zZygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization. zEMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development. zPREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus zFertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nuclei

4. Reproductive Terms zCONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization zEjaculation - a discharge of semen from the male zOvulation - release of an OVULE from the female. zSterility - Temporary or permanent inability to reproduce

5. Reproductive Terms zFertile - the ability to reproduc. zPalpation - Examination by feel zGestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH

6. The Estrous Cycle z1. Estrus – period of time when female is receptive to the male and will stand for mating. z2. Metestrus – follows ESTRUS; period when the CORPUS LUTEUM (hormone- secreting growth) forms where the EGG was released from the OVARY.

7. The Estrous Cycle z3. Diestrus – follows METESTRUS; period when the corpus luteum is FUNCTIONAL. Hormones released stimulate preparation of UTERUS for PREGNANCY. z4. Proestrus – follows DIESTRUS; rapid FOLLICLE growth to prepare for next OVULATION.

8. Average Estrous Cycles zCows 21 days zMares 21 days zSows 21 days zEwes 16 days

9. Heat (Estrus) Detection -- zList ways to detect heat in each of the following species: zCow or Heifer – zMare – zEwe – zSow or Gilt –

10. Best time of the year to breed zMare – horses are seasonal polyestrous breeders and mares cycle naturally in the ____________ and stop cycling in __________________. Breed mares on the _______ day of estrus and every other day for ____________ days.

11. zCow or Heifer – cattle will breed throughout the year although most ranchers restrict breeding to __________ days in the ___________ or spring so that calves will be born together.

12. zEwe – sheep are ______________ polyestrous breeders and breed buring the late ___________ and early ________, in order for lambs to be born in the __________ or early __________. zSow or Gilt – hogs are __________________ polyestrous breeders and are usually bred to have ________ litters each year. Breed sow on the __________ day of estrus and _________ hours later.

13. zDoe Rabbit – domestic rabbits breed most successfully in the __________ and _________.

14. Reproductive Hormones Hormone Origin Destination Function zFollicle Stimulating PituitaryOvaries Grows follicles Hormoneon ovaries zEstrogen_________________________ Femininity and mating desire z3. Lutenizing HormonePituitary _____________ ________________ z4. _____________ ____________BrainStops the cycle z5. OxytocinPutuitary _____________________________ ________________

15. z6. _____________Testes Brain/Total Body ________________

16. Sex Cells zContain HALF the normal number of chromosomes zFemale Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE) zMale Reproductive Cell - SPERM ySemen - the fluid that carries sperm

17. Sperm Abnormalities zNormalzPearzSlenderzMicrocephalic

18. Sperm Abnormalities zMacrochephaliczDouble Headed zAbnormal Acrosome

19. Sperm Abnormalities zOff CenterzCoiled TailzDouble Tail

20. Sperm Abnormalities zBent Tail zDoublezSwollen

21. Sperm Abnormalities zDetached Heads zProtoplasmic Droplet zShoehook Tail zLoose Cap

22. Sperm from Different Species zBullzSheep zChicken zRatzGuinea Pig

23. Female Reproductive Organs Structure

24. Female Reproductive Organs Function zVulva -opening of reproductive tract zVagina - channel for birth and copulation zCervix - divides vagina and uterus zUterus - provides nourishment for fetus zHorns of Uterus - where fetus grows zFallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs zOvaries - produces eggs and hormones

25. Male Reproductive Organs Structure

26. Male Reproductive Organs Function zTestes - produce sperm and testosterone zEpididymis - collects and stores sperm zVas deferens - transports sperm zAmpulla - temporary storage zPenis - places sperm in female zUrethra - transports urine

27. Male Reproductive Organs Function zCowper's Gland - produces semen zProstrate Gland - produces semen zSeminal Vesicle - produces semen zRetractor Penis Muscle - zScrotum - protects testes, maintains temp zSheath - opening of reproductive tract zSpermatic cord - supports testes

28. Reasons for Sterility & Delayed Breeding zPoor Semen zPhysical defects and injuries zPsychological problems zInfection and Disease zPoor management and feeding zInherited abnormalities

29. Best Time for Fertility Checks zJust before breeding season zBy testing at this time you can identify sterile or near sterile bulls at the time they are expected to settle cows. zSoon after breeding season zSemen collected at the end of the breeding season should be evaluated carefully because heavy service temporarily lowers the semen quality in most bulls. Checking fertility at this time, however, saves the cost of keeping an infertile bull

30. Reasons For Infertility zSterility zAge zDeformities zTemperature zCondition zFreemartin zSilent Heat zChronic buller zDisease and Infections

31. Reasons For Poor Conception Rates zImproper timing of insemination zDisease zPoor insemination technique zPoor management zOvulation zPoor Semen