1. Cell Processes Chapter 9
Chemistry of life
Moving Cellular Materials
Energy for life

2. Chemistry of Life Mixtures Organic compounds Carbohydrates
Nature of Matter
Atoms
Elements
Compounds and Molecules
Molecular compounds
Ionic compounds
Mixtures
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Inorganic Compounds
Importance of water
Characteristics of water

3. Nature of Matter
All things in universe contain matter and possess energy
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy is anything that brings about change

4. Atoms Matter is made up of atoms
Atoms are the smallest part of an element
There are 92 naturally occurring elements on earth
Composed of a nucleus in center where protons and neutrons are found
Surrounding the nucleus are electrons
Protons are positively charged particles
Electrons are negatively charged particles
Neutrons have no charge (neutral)

5. Structure of Atoms
Electons (-)
Protons (+)
Neutrons (0)

6. Elements
When matter is made up of only one kind of atoms it is an element (pure substance)
Each element has its own symbol (one or two letter symbol) H, He, O , Na
Organized on periodic table by mass, number of protons, and symbols
Matter is mostly in combinations with other elements (NaCl), H2O
Some matter is composed of same elements
O and C make 83% of human body
S,P,O,N,C and H make up 99 % of living matter

7. Compounds and Molecules
Molecular compounds have elements that share their electrons
The elements that share electrons in a molecule take on different chemical properties that the elements themselves
H and O share electrons to form H2O, in a proportion of 2 H to every 1 O,
H2O is different than the elements H or O gas

8. Ionic compounds Atoms are normally neutral
Sometimes atoms loose or gain electrons and become either positive or negative charged
Ions are charged atoms (+ or -)
Atoms that combine as result of these charged particles produce ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are important in organism because they send messages, transport O, move things in and out of cell

9. Mixtures
Sometimes substances combine but don’t change their own identities which are called mixtures (salt water)
Can be solid, liquid or gas or combination of each
Solutions are mixtures that are evenly mixed
NaCl andH2O are solutions which retain own characteristics
Suspensions are special solutions that some of the substances settle out of solution
Blood is an example

10. Organic Compounds
Always contain Carbon and Hydrogen and associated with living things Organic compounds groups are: Carbohydrates: supply energy, made of sugars and starches (C,H,O) Lipids: don’t mix with water, fats and oils stored release larger amounts of energy (C,H,O,P) Proteins: made of amino acids that are building blocks of many structures in organism, (C,H,O,N,S) enzymes are special proteins that regulate all chemical reactions in cells

11. Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids: molecules that store coded information in cells (C,H,O,N,P)
Directs cells activities and genetic information
DNA and RNA

12. Inorganic Compounds Most are made from elements other than Carbon
Few atoms in molecules
Needed by organisms to carry out life functions
H2O, Calcium Phosphate (CaPO4), Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3)

13. Water: Importance and Characteristics
Life thought to began in water
Living organisms are composed of at least 50% water and depends on water to live
Water necessary for plants to grow and live
Chemical reactions in living things takes place in water solutions and materials are moved in water solutions in cells

14. Special Water Characteristics
Water atoms are arranged so that there is a negative and positive area on the molecule
These positive and negative poles causes it to act like a magnet to other water molecules
A strong film is formed allowing small insects to walk on water
When heat is added to water, water molecules are so strongly attached to each other the temperature changes slowly and acts like an insulator (constant temperature inside cells)

15. Water Molecules

16. Special Water Characteristics
When water freezes, ice crystal forms, and the spacing between molecules remain constant
Distance between molecules in frozen states is farther apart, ice floats
Water freezes from top down and provides an insulation from extremely cold temperatures allowing organisms to survive in cold water under ice

17. Moving Cellular Materials section 2
Passive Transport or Active Transport
Endocytosisi or Exocytosis

18. Passive Transport
Cell membrane acts like a screen to allow certain things in or out of cell
When no energy is required to transport material across the cell membrane it is called passive transport
There are 3 methods materials are moved through the cell : diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

19. Diffusion
Movement of molecules from areas of greater concentrations to areas of less concentrations is called diffusion
Smoke moving in a room
Movement of molecules continue until equilibrium is met (evenly distributed)
Diffusion of oxygen in blood is moved into red blood cells in lungs and deposited in your toes.

20. Difussion

21. Osmosis Diffusion of water across cell membrane is osmosis
Plant cells will become limp if placed in salt water
Animal cells will swell up in presence of water and will burst if too much water enters the cell

23. Facilitated Diffusion
Sugar molecules are large and need transport proteins to help them enter cells Facilitated diffusion is the process of passive transport that allows large molecules to pass through cell membrane Transport proteins help cells allow large molecules like sugar molecules in without using energy as it crosses cell membrane

24. Facilitated diffusion

25. Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires energy
Roots of plants always take in minerals into cells already high in concentration (this is opposite of diffusion)
Requires energy to get them into cells
Transport protein is required to move across cell membrane

27. Endocytosis
Process of allowing substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell is called endocytosis
Finger stuffed in balloon is an example of a cell surrounding a substance
Vesicles are formed when cell membrane folds in on itself: they then are moved and stored in cells to be used

28. Exocytosis Opposite of endocytosis
Large materials are removed from cells
Materials are packaged in vesticles and fuse with cell membrane and are diffused through cell membrane out of cell
Cells in your stomach release chemicals that help digest food
Page 259 reference

30. Energy for Life section 3
Trapping and using energy
Photosynthesis
Producing carbohydrates
Storing carbohydrates
Cellular respiration
Breaking down carbohydrates
Fermentation
Related processes

31. Trapping and Using energy
Metabolism is the total of all the chemical reactions that take place in organisms
Enzymes are needed to allow organisms to utilize food. They help make food usable
Enzymes causes larger molecules to break down into smaller molecules and enzymes are still available to break down other large molecules (page 261)

32. Photosynthesis
Producers (plants) produce their own food using the sun and storing the food in form of sugars and carbohydrates
Releases oxygen as a by product

33. Producing Carbohydrates
Plants have organelles called chloroplast that carry green pigment called chlorophyll that captures the suns energy and transforms it to food that stores energy in chemical bonds Carbohydrates and sugars are produced by the plants
Oxygen is given off

34. Photosynthesis equation
Plants utilize sun to produce glucose C6H12O6

35. Storing Carbohydrates
During photosynthesis, more food is produced than used for energy and it is stored as carbohydrates and starches
Animals eat plants and break down these chemical bonds of carbohydrates and starches to get their energy

36. Cellular Respiration
During cellular respiration chemical reactions occur that break down food into simpler substances and release their stored energy when the bonds are broken
Opposite of photosynthesis as the product of photosynthesis is the materials used in cellular respiration and visa versa:
Carbon dioxide and water is released

38. Fermentation
Fermentation is a process when cells do not have enough oxygen for cellular respiration
Glucose is broken down and energy is released in cellular respiration in the mitochondria
When the demand for energy is too great, the cytoplasm sometimes break down glucose
When this happens lactic acid is produced causing burning and soreness in muscles

39. Fermentation Bacteria uses fermentation to produce their energy
The lactic acid produced produces yogurt and cheeses
Yeast cells use fermentation that release alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes in bread making

40. Relationship of photosynthesis, cellular respiration and fermentation
Producers use photosynthesis to produce food
All living things use respiration or fermentation to release energy stored in food
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use each of the other products as their source of production

41. CO H2O C6H12O O2
Light energy
Photosynthesis