2. Key Issues
Where are ethnicities distributed?
Why do ethnicities have distinctive distributions?
Why do conflicts arise among ethnicities?
Why do ethnicities engage in ethnic cleansing and genocide?

3. Why Geographers Study Ethnicity: the identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. identity-and-human-grouping-cultural-ethnic-racial-gender
Few humans live in isolation. (spatial)
People are members of GROUPS with whom they SHARE important attributes, which may be a source of pride
ETHNCITY is a shared attribute: a link to the experiences of ancestors & to cultural traditions (food, music, etc.). It may also represent measurable differences, (income, life expectancy, infant mortality

4. Geographers are interested in:
Where ethnicities are distributed across space (as with other elements of culture).
Ethnic Groups are TIED to a particular place, because members or ancestors were born & raised there
Why ethnicities have distinctive traits, as with other cultural elements, derives from the interplay of connections with other groups (spatial) & isolation from.
Especially important cultural element of LOCAL DIVERSITY b/c our ethnic identity is UNCHANGEABLE
No ethnicity is attempting to gain global adherents (religion, language) but they do fight w/ other Ethnic groups in order to gain specific areas around the world.

5. Refugees fleeing Rwanda 1994
Ethnic conflict often leads to displaced peoples and/or migration of people

6. Learning Outcomes
7.1.1: Identify and describe the major ethnicities in the United States.
7.1.2: Describe the distribution of major U.S. ethnicities among states and within urban areas.

7. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
Race is identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. race-and-ethnicity-definitions-social-minority-vs-social-majority 7 min
Distribution of persons of color matters to geographers.
One’s skin color can determine where they reside, attend school, spend their leisure time, and perform life’s daily activities in some societies.
At worst, biological classification by race is the basis for racism, which is the belief that race is the primary determine of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

8. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Every 10 years, the U.S. Bureau of the Census conducts an enumeration of the population.
Its survey identifies 3 main ethnicities.
Asian American
Americans from many countries in Asia
African American
Americans who identify as a group with an extensive cultural tradition with origins in Africa
Hispanic
Americans who are from Spanish-speaking countries.
2010 Census combines black (race) and African American (ethnicity)
Today, many Americans are of mixed ancestry and may or may not choose to identify with a single race or ethnicity.

9. Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States
Ethnic groups may live in particular regions and particular communities within cities and states.
Regional Scale
Hispanics: Clustered in the Southwest Slide 10
African Americans: Clustered in the Southeast Slide 11
Asian Americans: Clustered in the West Slide 12
2010 Census combines black (race) and African American (ethnicity)
Today, many Americans are of mixed ancestry and may or may not choose to identify with a single race or ethnicity.

10. FIGURE 7-7 DISTRIBUTION OF HIS PANICS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages in 2010 are in the Southwest, near the Mexican border, and in northern cities.

11. FIGURE 7-8 DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

12. FIGURE 7-9 DISTRIBUTION OF ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

13. Distribution of Ethnicities in the U.S.
Ethnic groups may live in particular regions and particular communities within cities and states.
Urban Scale
African Americans & Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas.
Ex: Chicago
Neighborhoods on the south & west side of Chicago have extensive African American clusters.
Ex: Los Angeles
African Americans in south-central L.A.
Hispanics in east L.A.
Asian Americans in south and west L.A.
Especially pronounced on the scale of neighborhoods within cities

14. FIGURE 7-11 DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGELES
According to the 2010 Census, African Americans were clustered to the south of downtown Los Angeles & Hispanics to the east Asian American neighborhoods were contiguous to the African American & Hispanic areas
FIGURE 7-11 DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGE LES According to the 2010 Census, African Americans were clustered to the south of downtown Los Angeles and Hispanics to the east. Asian American neighborhoods were contiguous to the African American and Hispanic areas.

15. Ethnicities in Chicago
Regional distribution clearly varies outside of the National total %’s
Ethnic groups are further CLUSTERED into CITIES.
(85% in Detroit v % in Michigan)
Ethnicities in Chicago
African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, & European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

16. Key Issue #2: Learning Outcomes
7.2.1: Describe the patterns of forced voluntary migration of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, & Asian Americans to the United States.
7.2.2: Describe the patterns of migration of African Americans within the United States.
7.2.3: Explain the laws once used to segregate races in the United States and South Africa.

17. Key Issue #2: Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
International Migration of Ethnicities 21st-century-population-migration-in-a-new-world 6 m
Most African Americans are descended from Africans forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves during the 18th c.
Most Asian Americans & Hispanics are descended from voluntary immigrants to the United States during the late 20th & early 21st c. causes-of-latin-american-migration-to-the-US 9min

18. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Forced Migration from Africa
Different European countries acquired slaves from various regions of Africa, then sent them to the Americas.
Examples
Portuguese shipped slaves from their colonies in Angola and Mozambique to their American colony, Brazil.
Other European countries took slaves primarily from a coastal strip of West Africa btwn Liberia and the Congo, then sent them to the Caribbean islands & Central & South America.

19. FIGURE 7-14 TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE
rise-of-slave-trade-black-history-in-colonial-america st -4:02
FIGURE 7-14 TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE

20. FIGURE 7-13 ORIGIN & DESTINATION OF SLAVES Most slaves were transported across the Atlantic from West Africa to the Americas.
FIGURE 7-13 ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF SLAVES Most slaves were transported across the Atlantic from West Africa to the Americas.

21. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Voluntary Migration from Latin America & Asia
Latin America
Immigration from Mexico & Puerto Rico fueled rapid growth of Hispanics in the U.S. beginning in the 1970s.
Third largest group of Hispanics came to United States from Cuba.
Asia
Ranking of sending countries
1) China 2) India 3) Philippines 4) Korea 5) Vietnam
Most have come in search of work.

22. FIGURE 7-16 ASIAN AMERICANS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN Chinese, Filipinos, and Indians comprise one-fifth each of Asian Americans in the United China States.

23. African American Migration Patterns
MIGRATION is a process that helps geographers to explains the regular distribution of other cultural factors, (Language & Religion)
African Americans have 3 major migration flows that shape the current distribution of the group in the US

24. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Internal Migration of African Americans
African Americans have displayed 2 distinct internal migration patterns in the U.S. during the 20th c.
Interregional migration from the U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of the twentieth century
Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer city & inner suburban neighborhoods during the second half of the 20th c.

25. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Internal Migration of African Americans
Interregional Migration
Freed as slaves, most African Americans remained in the rural South during the late 19th c., working as sharecroppers—works fields rented from a landowner & pays rent by turning over a share of the crops to him or her.
Mechanization of agriculture served as a push factor, while manufacturing jobs in the north acted as a pull factor that encouraged African Americans to migrate to the northern cities.
Traveled by bus & car along the major two-lane long-distance U.S. roads

26. FIGURE 7-18 INTER REGIONAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
Migration followed 4 distinctive channels along the East Coast, east central, west central, & southwest regions of the country.
FIGURE 7-18 INTER REGIONAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS Migration followed four distinctive channels along the East Coast, east central, west central, and southwest regions of the country.

27. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Internal Migration of African Americans
Intraregional Migration
African Americans arriving at northern cities clustered in neighborhoods where existing African Americans already lived.
Areas came to be known as ghettos.
Over time, ghettos grew outward typically along major avenues that radiated out from the center of city.
Many whites fled their neighborhoods when blacks began moving in nearby. (white flight)
Ex. Detroit’s white population dropped by 1.5 million from 1950 to 2000.

28. FIGURE 7-19 EXPANSION OF THE GHETTO IN BALTIMORE
In 1950, most African Americans in Baltimore lived in a small area northwest of downtown. During the 1950s &1960s, the African American area expanded to the northwest, along major radial roads, & a second node opened on the east side. The south-side African American area was an isolated public housing complex built for wartime workers in the nearby port industries.
FIGURE 7-19 EXPANSION OF THE GHETTO IN BALTIMORE In 1950, most African Americans in Baltimore lived in a small area northwest of downtown. During the 1950s and 1960s, the African American area expanded to the northwest, along major radial roads, and a second node opened on the east side. The south-side African American area was an isolated public housing complex built for wartime workers in the nearby port industries.

29. FIGURE 7-20 ETHNIC POPULATION CHANGE IN DETROIT Btwn 1950 & 2010, the white population of Detroit declined from 1.7 million to 100,000 today, whereas the African American population increased from 300,000 to 600,000.
FIGURE 7-20 ETHNIC POPULATION CHANGE IN DETROIT Between 1950 and 2010, the white population of Detroit declined from 1.7 million to 100,000 today, whereas the African American population increased from 300,000 to 600,000.

30. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law that required blacks & whites to ride in separate railway cars.
Plessy v. Ferguson, states that the law was constitutional, because it provided separate, but equal, treatment of blacks & whites.
Southern states enacted a set of laws commonly referred to as the “Jim Crow” laws to segregate black from whites.
Ex: Blacks had to sit in the backs of buses, & shops, restaurants, & hotels could choose to serve only whites.
Landmark Supreme Court decision Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1954, ended legalized segregation.

31. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
South Africa Apartheid
White descendants from Holland enacted a legal system intended to segregate its people called apartheid.
Defined: physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
Newborn baby was classified as being one of 4 races: 1) black 2) white 3) colored 4) Asian
Each race had a different legal status & associated rights in regards to where one could live, attend school, work, shop, & own land.
Apartheid laws repealed (ended by law) in 1991.

32. FIGURE 7-22 APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa’s apartheid laws were designed to spatially segregate races as much as possible. This 1984 image of City Hall in Johannesburg shows that whites & nonwhites were required to use separate bathrooms.
FIGURE 7-22 APARTHEI D IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa’s apartheid laws were designed to spatially segregate races as much as possible. This 1984 image of City Hall in Johannesburg shows that whites and nonwhites were required to use separate bathrooms.

33. Learning Outcomes
7.3.1: Explain the difference between ethnicity & nationality.
7.3.2: Identify and describe the principal ethnicities in Lebanon & Sri Lanka.
7.3.3: Describe how the Kurds, as well as ethnicities in south Asia, have been divided among more than one nationality.
7.3.4: Identify & describe the principal ethnicities in western Asia.

34. Why Do Conflicts Arise among Ethnicities?
Ethnicities and Nationalities
Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.
Nationality shares similar concepts with ethnicity.
Both defined through shared cultural values derived from religion, language, and material culture.
Nationality differs with ethnicity in terms of legal standing.
Nationality defined through shared experiences derived from voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties.
Politicians and governments try to instill loyalty through nationalism, which is loyalty and devotion to a nationality.

35. Impact: Positive & Negative :
Nation-states: ethnicity transformed into nationalities b/c desire for self-rule is a very important shared idea.
Denmark=a good ex. Of a nation-state (there is no perfect one); strong sense of unity, shared cultural characteristic, history, attitudes, language.
Nationalism: requires loyalty of citizens to survive. Nationalistic feelings are used by governments to instill loyalty Supported when people support the state
Mass media is often the most effective way to accomplish this
Nearly ALL countries control the media
Fostered via symbols (flags) & songs (anthems)
Impact: Positive & Negative :
(-) intense dislike for the “other”
(+)Centripetal Force – attitude that tends to UNIFY people & enhance support for a state.

36. Revival of ethnic identity
Nationality became more important than ethnic i.d.
WHY?... Establishment of states & loyalty to them
Napoleon and France conquering much of Europe
Late 20th c.
–again, ethnic Identity became more important than nationality
WWII-1990s:
-attitudes toward communism & economic cooperation were more important political factors in Europe than the nation-state principles

37. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Nationalities in North America
Distinguishing between nationality, ethnicity, and race in the United States
Nationality identifies citizens of the U.S.
Ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry & cultural traditions.
Ex: African Americans and Hispanic Americans
Race distinguishes blacks & other persons of color from whites.

38. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Ethnic Competition
Ethnic Competition in Lebanon
Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from the ancient Phoenicians.
Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves Arabs.
Diversity in Lebanon at the surface appears to be more religious than ethnic.

39. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Ethnic Competition
Ethnic Diversity in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is inhabited by three principal ethnicities.
Sinhalese (74 percent)
Migrated from northern India in 5th c. B.C.
Converted to Buddhism
Tamil (16 percent)
Migrated from India in third century B.C.
Practice Hinduism
Moors (10 percent)
Ethnic Arabs
Migrated from southwest Asia in 18th c. A.D.
Practice Islam
Dispute between Sri Lanka’s two largest ethnicities extends back more than 2000 years.
Tamils feel that they suffer from discrimination at the hands of the Sinhalese-dominated government.
Long war between the ethnicities ended in 2009, with the defeat of the Tamils.

40. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Dividing Ethnicities muslim-and-hindu-conflict-in-india-and-the-partition-of-india-and-pakistan 7:30
Few Ethnicities inhabit an area that matches the territory of a nationality.
Dividing South Asian Ethnicities among Nationalities (Ex. India)
Britain’s end of colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 gave birth to two new countries—India and Pakistan.
Pakistan comprised of 2 noncontiguous areas called West & East Pakistan
East Pakistan later became Bangladesh in 1971.
Reason for separating West & East Pakistan from India was differences in ethnicity.
The partition of salvation two states resulted in massive migration because the two boundaries to not correspond precisely to the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities.

41. Train Station in Amritsar, India, October, 1947
The station is filled with Hindu refugees who have fled from the new country of Pakistan.

42. FIGURE 7-31 ETHNIC DIVISION OF SOUTH ASIA
In 1947, British India was partitioned into 2 independent states, India & Pakistan, which resulted in the migration of an estimated 17 million people. The creation of Pakistan as 2 territories nearly 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) apart proved unstable, & in 1971 East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.
FIGURE 7-31 ETHNIC DIVISION OF SOUTH ASIA In 1947, British India was partitioned into two independent states, India and Pakistan, which resulted in the migration of an estimated 17 million people. The creation of Pakistan as two territories nearly 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) apart proved unstable, and in 1971 East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

43. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Dividing Ethnicities
Dividing the Kurds among Nationalities
Who are the Kurds?
Sunni Muslims
Speak a language in the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European.
Feature distinctive literature, dress, & cultural traditions.
An Ethnicity without a Country
After WWI, the European allies demarcated land for the Kurds called Kurdistan.
1923 Treaty of Lausanne established what would have been Kurdistan as part of Turkey.
Today, Kurds are divided among several countries: eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, & Syria.
1920 Treaty of Sévres giving Kurds a country was never ratified.

44. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Iraq
¾ of Iraqis are Arabs.
2/3 Shiite
1/3 Sunni
1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds.
Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity.
Iran
Most numerous ethnicity is Persian.
Adheres to Shiite Islam
1920 Treaty of Sévres giving Kurds a country was never ratified.

45. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Afghanistan
Most numerous ethnicities include Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara.
Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban (meaning “religious students”) gained control over most of the country in 1995 and proceeded to rule with policies based on Islamic fundamentalism.
Pakistan
Most numerous ethnicity is Punjabi.

46. FIGURE 7-34 ETHNICITIES IN WESTERN ASIA The complex distribution of ethnicities and nationalities across western Asia is a major source of conflict.
FIGURE 7-34 ETHNICITIES IN WESTERN ASIA The complex distribution of ethnicities and nationalities across western Asia is a major source of conflict.

47. Learning Outcomes
7.4.1: Describe the process of ethnic cleansing.
7.4.2: Explain the concept of ethnic cleansing in the Balkans.
7.4.3: Identify the principal episodes of genocide in northeastern Africa.
7.4.4: Identify the principal episodes of genocide in Central Africa.

48. Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide?
Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Motivation is not to simply defeat an enemy or to subjugate them, instead it is to remove each member of the less powerful ethnicity, including men, women, children, and the elderly.
Ex: Forced migration associated with WWII that included the deportation of millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration camps where most were exterminated

49. Ethnic Cleansing FORCED migrations occur throughout history
20th century
WWII: largest level deportation of Jews & others
Post WWII: Germans , Poles Russians, etc. forced to migrate due to BOUNDARY CHANGES!!
Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
Ethnic cleansing in central Africa
1962 Hutu to Tutsi
1994 Tutsi to Hutu

50. FORCED MIGRATION OF ETHNICITIES AFTER WW II
FIGURE 7-37:
FORCED MIGRATION OF ETHNICITIES AFTER WW II
The largest number were Poles forced to move from territory occupied by the USSR (now Russia), Germans forced to migrate from territory taken over by Poland & the Soviet Union, & Russians forced to return to the Soviet Union from Western Europe.
FIGURE 7-37 FORCED MIGRATION OF ETHNICITIES AFTER WORLD WAR II The largest number were Poles forced to move from territory occupied by the Soviet Union (now Russia), Germans forced to migrate from territory taken over by Poland and the Soviet Union, and Russians forced to return to the Soviet Union from Western Europe.

51. Fig. 7-40
TCL_11e_Figure_07_40_L

52. Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide?
Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
In recent years, ethnic cleansing has occurred in portions of former Yugoslavia. ethnic-warfare-in-former-yugoslavia-events-and-timeline 10min
Bosnia
Serbs & Croats fought to not be part of a multiethnic state with a Muslim plurality.
Motivated to perform ethnic cleansing on Bosnian Muslims to reduce their numbers and to offer an ethnically homogenous group of people to be better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia.
Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims created one continuous area of Bosnia Serb domination rather than several discontinuous ones.
Complex pattern of ethnic diversity in the region of southeastern Europe known as the Balkan Peninsula.
Balkans include Bosnia, Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania, as well as a few other smaller countries once part of Yugoslavia.

53. Fig. 7-38
TCL_11e_Figure_07_38_L

54. The Situation Terror_in_the_Balkans__The_Breakup_of_Yugoslavia
The Situation Terror_in_the_Balkans__The_Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.wmv 28 min
Bosnian Muslims 48% -viewed as ethnicity
Serbians 37%
Croat 14%
Bosnia & Herzegovina’s Serbs & Croats fought to unite the portions of the republic that they inhabited with Serbia &Croatia
Serbs & Croats engaged in “cleansing” of Bosnian Muslims to strengthen their case for breaking away from Bosnia-Herzegovina
Attempting to create a majority in the territory over the majority by killing them

55. ETHNIC CLEANSING PAID OFF!
The Solution?
Through Ethnic Cleansing the Bosnian Serbs created one continuous area of Bosnian Serb domination vs. several discontinuous ones
Bosnia Herzegovina
Into 3 regions 1 each dominated by the Bosnian Croats, Muslims & Serbs
Bosnian Croat & Muslim regions were combined into a federation
Serb region has operated with almost complete independence from the others
ETHNIC CLEANSING PAID OFF!
Bosnian Serbs got ½ of the country (only 1/3 of pop.)
Bosnian Croats got ¼ of the land (1/6 of the pop.)
Bosnian Muslins got ¼ of the land (even though they WERE ½ of the population BEFORE the cleansing

56. Fig. 7-39
TCL_11e_Figure_07_39_L

57. KOSOVO Ethnic Albanians = 90% majority
Serbia was given Kosovo when Yugoslavia was created (WWI)
Under Tito- (Communism) ethnic Albanians in Kosovo received administrative autonomy & National Identity
Most Serbs emigrate FROM Kosovo North to Serbia
Increasing the Albanian majority form ½ in 1946 to ¾ by 1981
Yugoslavia breakup- Serbia took DIRECT control of Kosovo
Began ethnic cleansing of Albanian majority 1990s.
Forcing 750,000 of the 2 million Albanian from their homes to camps in Albania
NATO launched bombing attacks against Serbia
Serbia agreed to withdraw all of its soldiers and police from Kosovo
NATO sent 50,000 troop to occupy Kosovo and most Albanians returned home
UN took over peace talks to resolve the issue

58. Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide?
Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
Balkanized was a term widely used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states, because it was inhabited by multiple, longstanding ethnicities with animosity towards each other.
Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because ethnic cleansing “worked” tragically.

59. TCL_11e_Figure_07_41_L
Aerial photography helped document the stages of ethnic cleansing in western Kosovo in Irrefutable evident of the PROCESS provided by analytic tool of Geography!

60. Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide?
Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Sub-Saharan Africa
Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.
Ex. Darfur
Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003 because of discrimination experienced.
Sudanese government, with help of marauding Arab nomads, crushed the rebellion.
480,000 have been killed.
2.8 million live in refugee camps in harsh conditions.
Many countries have termed the actions of the Sudanese government as genocide.
Actions by Sudanese government include mass murders and rape of civilians. War crime have been filed against them.

61. “Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, four languages, three religions, two alphabets and one dinar”…
¶ & a partridge in a pear tree.

62. FIGURE 7-45 DARFUR REFUGEE CAMP
Refugees from Darfur are living in a camp in Adré, Chad.
FIGURE 7-45 DARFUR REFUGEE CAMP Refugees from Darfur are living in a camp in Adré, Chad.

63. Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide?
Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Central Africa
Rwanda
Genocide involving Hutus murdering hundreds of thousands of Tutsis began in 1994.
Congo
Conflict between Hutus & Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries.
Laurent Kabila, president succeeding Mobutu, permitted Tutsis to kill some of the Hutu residents.
Actions by Sudanese government include mass murders and rape of civilians. War crime have been filed against them.

64. Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide?
Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Central Africa
Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa largely because the present-day boundaries of countries do not match the boundaries of ethnic groups.
During 19th & 20th centuries, European countries carved up the continent in to a collection of colonies, with little regard for the distribution of ethnicities.
When colonies became states, some tribes were divided among more than one modern state, & others were grouped with dissimilar tribes.
A recipe for conflict

65. Hutu vs. Tutsi in Rwanda & Burundi
Long standing historical conflict
Heart of a series of wars in central Africa
Hutus settled farmers in fertile hills and valleys of Rwanda & Burundi’s Great Lakes area
Majority 85%
Tutsi cattle herders who migrated to the area from the Rift Valley of Western Kenya 400 years ago
Minority 15%
Took control of Hutu majority & made them serfs
Rwanda & Burundi became German colonies in 1899 until Germany lost WWI. Then Belgium got the Mandate
Under colonial rule the minority Tutsi’s were allowed privileges of education & govt. positions. Hutu’s were excluded.

66. Tutsi Hutu

67. 1962 -Independence. Hutus ethnically cleansed most of the Tutsis out of fear that they’d take control
1994- after the airplane of the president was shot down, (probably by Tutsis) Tutsis poured in from neighboring Uganda, defeated the Hutu army and killed ½ million Hutus & lost ½ million of their own in the fight. All in 90 days!!!!
Meanwhile…. 3 million of 7 million Hutus fled to Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda & Burundi
The Conflict spilled into Congo
Tutsis controlled Rwanda was instrumental in overthrowing Congo Pres. Mobutu in 1997 & replacing him with Kabila. Who they then rebelled against to gain control of the eastern half of the Congo. Kabila turned to the Mayi Mayi who hate the Tutsis for help. He was assassinated in His son took over & negotiated a peace in 2002.

68. Summary
Conflicts can arise when a country contains several ethnicities competing with each other for control or dominance.
Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural tradition of a particular homeland or hearth, whereas race is identified with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.
Ethnicities cluster within the United States as a result of distinctive patterns of migration.
Conflicts also arise when an ethnicity is divided among more than one country.
Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more power ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region.