1. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Batteries Purpose: a storage of electrical current to operate starting motor and ignition systems when starting an engine & provide electrical current demands during engine operation Lead-acid BatteryOperation: Discharge: When a battery is placed in a closed circuit, such as a starter motor, a surplus of electrons at the negative plates will flow to the positive plates. A electrical current is produced by converting chemical energy into electricity Charging: Electrical current is placed back into the battery (with a battery charger or the vehicle charging system) in a reverse direction. Electrons on the positive plates will flow to the negative plates.

2. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Parts of the Battery Negative Plates Positive Plates Separators Cell Straps and Connecting Posts (+ & -) 1 Cell = 2.1 Volts, 6 Cells = 12.6 Volts Electrolyte: 40% H 2 S0 4. 60% H 2 0 Maintenance Free BatteriesDeep Cycle Batteries

3. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Battery Ratings Reserve Capacity – length of time that a fully charged battterry can deliver 25 Amps, ie. 125 minutes Cold Cranking Rate - # of Amps a battery can deliver for 20 secs at -18 (C) without each cell dropping below 1.2 Volts Overcharge Life Units – time of how well the battery can withstand an overcharge Charge Acceptance –how well the battery will accept a charge Watts – equal to CCR (metric)

4. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Battery Service 1.Visual Inspection - leakage & corrosion, from overcharging & clamped to tight - cleaning corrosion, brushing on baking soda and flush with water - seal terminals (vaseline) 2. Checking Electrolyte Level - removing caps (visual) Delco (colored Eye) - only add distilled water 3. Checking Battery Condition `- Hydrometer test Fully charged 1299 ½ charged 1220 Dead Bat 1120 4. Battery Load Testing - application of a high load similar to a starter drawing current from the battery during cold conditions

5. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems “ How to Jump Start a Dead Vehicle ” Note : 1) Make the proper connections ! 2) make sure vehicles do not touch ! 3) do not run the vehicle with the good battery !`

6. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Starting Systems Motor Operating Principles Rules of electricity related to Magnetism ? #1 Unlike Poles (North &South) Attract ! Like Poles Repel ! #2 A moving magnet passing a wire in a complete cuircuit creates electron movement in that wire ( Electricity ) #3 Electron Flow in a wire creates a magnetic field around that wire (Electro Magnets) Factors that determine the amount of electrical current created -Speed of the moving magnetic field -Strength of the magnetic field - Size and type of conductor

7. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Starting Systems Motor Operating Principles A) A single wire is placed in a loop between two different magnetic poles B) Current flow in the loop creates a magnetic field C) Opposing magnetic fields between the wire and the permanent magnets causes the loop to rotate D) Once the loop rotates 180 degrees the current is reversed in the loop thought the brushes and continues to flip E) Adding more loops increases power F) Use of electricity to create a Field

8. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Starting Systems Starter Motor Parts A) armature B) commutator C) brushes D) Field Magnets

9. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Starting Systems Making the Starter Work ! A) Starter Solenoid B) Starter Final Drive

10. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Starting Systems Starter Curcuit

11. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Charging Systems ! Four things required ! A)Alternator or Generator - a mechanical device which converts mechanical energy to electric energy B) Regulator – to regulate the amount of electrical energy being produced in accordance with the amount being used and the state of charge of the battery C) Battery D) Ammeter or indicating device – to indicate whether the charging circuit is operating

12. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Charging Systems Generators Similar parts and operating principle as a starter Magnetic field not moving! The wire is ! The loop (commutator) is driven by the engine This produces DC current !

13. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Charging Systems Alternator basics A) A spinning magnetic (engine driven) within a loop creates current flow in the wire B) Every 180 degrees of magnet rotation causes the current flow to reverse ( AC Current) C) Instead of a permanent magnet an electro magnet is used, this allows current flow to determine the strength of the magnetic field D) Slip rings allow current flow to maintain the same direction into the electro magnet (rotor) E) Instead of one loop of wire, there are many (stator)

14. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Charging Systems Changing AC current into DC Current Rectification – diodes – an electrical device that permits current to flow in only one direction only.

15. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Charging Systems Regulators A) Determine the amount of current required to operate the system (Load) B) Determine the state of charge of the battery C) Regulate the amount of electricity to the rotor to get an output D) Activate a light for the driver or show charging on a ammeter E) To stop overcharging

16. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems Charging Systems Problems 1)Low Battery a) start and stop driving d) battery will not accept a charge b) Accessories left on e) defective connections c) Loose drive belt f) defective alternator or regulator 2) Overcharged Battery a) short in stator field b) defective regulator 3) Faulty indicator lamp action a) defective wiring b) defective alternator or regulator 4) Noise a) worn bearings b) loose mountings c) worn belt drive

17. Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems ! Demo ! Testing with a VAT (Voltage Amperage Tester ) 400 A)Battery Load Testing B)Starter Draw Test C) Alternator Output Test