1. Chapter 6: From Romanticism to Realism Attitudes toward Neoclassicism began changing toward the end of the 18 th century Writers of the Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress) school in Germany began writing serious plays that experimented both with bold subjects and dramatic form. Neoclassical ideals reversed almost completely by early 19 th century, resulting in the development of Romanticism

2. Romanticism Romanticism: Truth is to be found in the Infinite Variety of Creation The Romantics valued Variety over Unity Neoclassicism: Truth is to be found in the Universal

3. Romanticism The less a thing deviates from its natural state the more truthful it is Shakespeare’s plays became an argument for ignoring the rules of neoclassicism Mysterious and supernatural became common occurrences Historical accuracy in settings and costumes was favored

4. Melodrama The popular-culture manifestation of Romanticism Melodrama = “ music drama ” Action accompanied by musical score that enhanced emotional tone Emphasized clear moral tone and suspenseful plots Set pattern of action: Good are rewarded and Evil are punished = poetic justice Characters were stereotypes (Good, Evil) Elaborately staged spectacle

5. Melodrama Created variety through use of: Exotic locales Special effects Latest inventions Dramatizations of popular novels and notorious crimes Horses for “ equestrian melodramas ” Water tanks for “ aquatic melodramas ”

6. Melodrama With advent of electricity (1880s), electric motors were used with treadmills to stage horse or chariot races Panoramas were rigged on spools and moved in time with the treadmills; panoramas = long cloths on which continuous scenes were painted Efforts to make action as realistic as possible by using machinery and special effects

7. Monte Cristo  Adapted from Dumas’s novel  Plot: many incidents, but simple pattern Goodness is victimized Evil is triumphant for a time Evil is exposed and punished Goodness is vindicated  Characterization: 3 categories of characters Good Evil Functional

8. Monte Cristo  Attempted realistic/authentic costumes and settings  8 settings required Performed on a flat, sectioned floor Emphasis on 3-dimensional pieces, including furniture Elevator traps raised and lowered heavy scenic units  Developments in lighting Gas table = a central location from which all gas lines ran and from which the supply of gas to any part of the theatre could be controlled; enabled lights to be brightened or dimmed Limelight = calcium + compressed hydrogen and oxygen along with gas flame; heated to incandescence; bright spotlight

9. The Advent of Realism  Darwin’s theories (1859) 1. All forms of life have developed gradually from a common ancestry 2. Evolution of species explained by “ survival of the fittest ”  Implications of Darwin’s theories 1. Heredity and environment as primary causes for everything humans are or do 2. People cannot be held fully responsible for their actions since heredity and environment cannot be fully controlled 3. Progress 4. Humans are like other animals; not separate from nature 5. Change, rather than fixity, as the norm

10. The Advent of Realism  Freud’s theories 1. Basic human instincts = aggression and sexuality 2. Without intervention, humans would seek to satisfy own instincts without regard for others 3. Need for socialization: rewards and punishments teach acceptable behavior and develop a superego Superego = an interior, subconscious censor or judge 4. Right and wrong are not absolute; relative to individual, family, society

11. Realism and Naturalism Grounded in scientific outlook : need to understand human behavior in terms of natural cause and effect Pursuit of truth: knowledge that can be verified through the 5 senses The highest form of morality = truth Playwrights wrote primarily about contemporary subjects Introduced topics such as unsavory social conditions

12. A Doll’s House Written by Henrik Ibsen (1879): Ibsen often called the “founder of modern drama” Basic assumption that heredity and environment determine character and action Play was considered controversial because it seemed like an attack on the family Dramatic construction: cause-to-effect, with late point of attack

13. A Doll’s House Single setting used throughout play Box set = set that fully encloses the acting space on 3 sides like the walls of a room, with one side removed Box sets enabled more realistic representations of indoor spaces; extensive use of furnishings and props Actors sought realistic behavior; interacted with setting and furnishings

14. Zola and Naturalism Unlike Realism, Naturalism was not successful in the theatre, possibly due to its extreme demands Chief advocate was Emile Zola (1840-1902) Zola believed that the dramatist should expose social ills so that their causes could be corrected

15. Zola and Naturalism Naturalists believed that many Realists were more concerned with theatrical effectiveness than with truth Play as a slice of life = a segment of reality transferred to the stage Naturalism as short-lived movement that produced few plays of significance

16. The Emergence of the Director Prior to late 19 th century, staging plays was the responsibility of the playwright, the head of the company, or the lead actor Growing need for someone to unify all production elements, which were becoming more numerous and more complex 2 key figures in the development and acceptance of the modern director: Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1826-1914)

17. The Emergence of the Director Richard Wagner Sought to create a “ master artwork ” through a fusion of all the arts Opposed Realism Chose stories from German myths Set his dramas to music

18. The Emergence of the Director Richard Wagner Wanted audience to be transported from everyday existence into an idealized, communal, near-religious experience Seating as democratic = fan-shaped pattern First to darken auditorium during performance Strong “ unity of production ” = all elements of production filtered through a single consciousness to achieve a unified artistic effect

19. The Emergence of the Director Georg II, duke of Saxe-Meiningen Considered 1 st director in modern sense Exerted complete control over all aspects of production: designed everything himself Long rehearsal periods Convincing crowd scenes, staged with precision Total stage picture worked out carefully from moment to moment

20. The Independent Theatre Movement Throughout most of Europe, plays had to be approved by a censor prior to performance for public audiences Performances done by a group for its members only were considered private performances; not subject to censorship

21. The Independent Theatre Movement  By the late 1880s, a number of small independent theatres exploited this loophole  Products of the Independent Theatre Movement Playwright George Bernard Shaw The Moscow Art Theatre Playwright Anton Chekhov Konstantin Stanislavsky and The Stanislavsky System of acting

22. Konstantin Stanislavsky and The Stanislavsky System The most pervasive influence on acting during the 20 th century Contains basic premises of what is necessary for effective acting: Body and voice must be trained and flexible Be a skilled observer of human behavior The “ Magic If ” Understand each character’s motivations and relationships Concentrate moment by moment