1. Introduction to Computer Programming Counting Loops

2. Do something three times public class sayHello { public static void main() { System.out.println(“Let’s get started”); System.out.println(“Hello World”); System.out.println(“Hello World”); System.out.println(“Goodbye”); } You try – please code this

3. Why loops? Computers offer several advantages over calculators. If it is necessary, they can perform the same steps over and over again, simply by rerunning the program or calling a method many times. But is this the only way to get a computer to perform the same action repeatedly? And is this the only reason for getting a computer to repeat itself?

4. Loops We need the ability to perform the same set of instructions repeatedly so we don’t have to write them over and over again. This is why Java includes several ways of using repetition in a program. Each case where we repeat a set of statement is called a loop.

5. Counting Loops The first type of loop is a counting loop. Counting loops are repeated a specific number of times. If you read the loop, you can easily figure out how many times its statements will be performed.

6. Counting Loops We use a for loop to write counting loops In Java, it looks like this: for (count = start; count <= finish; count=count+1) { statements }

7. Counting Loops (continued) for (count = start; count <= finish; count++) statement variable used to count times through the loop initial value of the counter final value of the counter

8. Repeat 3 times another way public class sayHello { public static void main() { System.out.println(“Let’s get started”); for ( int count = 0; // runs the first time count < 3; // test that runs each time count = count + 1) // runs all but first { System.out.println(“Hello World”); } System.out.println(“Goodbye”); } You try – Print 2 lines 7 times

9. Print the counter public class sayHello { public static void main() { System.out.println(“Let’s get started”); for ( int count = 0; // runs the first time count < 3; // test that runs each time count = count + 1) // runs all but first { System.out.println(“Hello World Number“ + count ); } System.out.println(“Goodbye”); }} You try – Try starting the counter at 10 and ending at < 14 – How many times did it print; what was in counter?

10. Call methods many times public class printShapes { public static void main() { System.out.println(“Get started”); diamond(); System.out.println(“All Done”); } public static void diamond() { System.out.println(“ *”); System.out.println(“ * *”); System.out.println(“ *”); } You try : make the program loop to call the diamond method 3 times.

11. Use For loop to repeat public class printShapes { public static void main() { System.out.println(“Get started”); for (int count = 1; count <= 3; count = count + 1) { diamond(); } System.out.println(“All Done”); } public static void diamond() { System.out.println(“ *”); System.out.println(“ * *”); System.out.println(“ *”); } You try: make it print 30 of these diamonds; make it print the word “ Break “ between each diamond.

12. Repeat formulas Remember this assignment: You are given these two formulas: z = 80/b+5 y = 2z+b Write the code to create variables z, b and y. Write the code to calculate y and z when b is 6. Print: When b is 6, y is (and insert the value of y) and z is (and insert the value of z) Then change the value of b to 10. Print: When b is 10, y is (and insert the value of y) and z is (and insert the value of z)

13. Loops: Reset variables using new values Instead of rewriting the variable setting, loop back through the setting code. b = b+4 does not change the z = statement, but the z = statement runs right after the b = statement in the loop, so the new b value is used. double b, z, y; b = 5; for (int count = 1; count <= 2; count++) { z = 80/b+5; y = 2*z+b; System.out.println(“the value of z when b is " + b + " is " + z); b = b+4; } System.out.println("the final value of z is " + z);

14. Repeat a formula - you try Open your quiz and copy out your profit = price – cost. See how it repeats Put your profit calculation and printing into a loop that runs 2 times, and increase the price by 5 inside the loop. It will look something like: Cost = 2; Price = 5.5; for (int count = 1; count <=2; count++) { totalValue=price-cost; System.out.println(totalValue); price=price+5; } See how it reruns the formula with the new values. Add 1 to the cost also and rerun it to see what happens. Add a line to print the count so you can see its value as it loops. Does it work if you put price = 5.5 inside the loop? – try it Does it work if you change the order of these lines – try it

15. Loops: Scope of Variables Variables created in loops disappear when the loop ends You can create the counter before the loop if you want to keep it for the entire program. double b, y; b = 5; int count; for (count = 1; count <= 2; count++) { double z = 80/b+5; y = 2*z+b; System.out.println(“the value of z when b is " + b + " is " + z); b = b+4; } System.out.println("the final value of z is " + z); // can't do this because z was created inside loop.

16. Scope – you try More changes to our profit calculator: Add code after the loop ends (after the }) to print totalValue and price. Do you see the first price or last price? Try to print count then also after the loop and see that it wont compile – Why not? Create count (int count;) before the loop starts instead, and then try to print count after the loop – why does that work now? What happens when you create totalValue inside the loop instead of before the loop?

17. Accumulating a total Variables don't remember what they were You can create a variable to increase and run it each time the loop runs. double total = 0; for (int count = 1; count <= 3; count++) { total = total + count;} // add what you are counting to what you have System.out.println(total); at end of first loop, count = 1 and total = 1 +0 = 1 at end of second loop, count = 2 and total = 2 + 1 = 3 at end of third loop, count = 3 and total = 3 + 3 = 6 at end of entire loop, count is gone and total = 3

18. Total – you try Add up the total profit as you go through the loop You will need to create a variable to hold the total and set it to 0 first. Add a statement to keep adding to the total bucket inside the loop

19. Outer loops Repeat a loop to print 1 – 10 3 times –Outer loops need their own counter. –You can use the fullRunCount inside the inner loop double b, z, y; for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <= 2; fullRunCount ++) { System.out.println("Starting run # " + fullRunCount; for (int count = 1; count <= 10; count++) { System.out.println(count); System.out.println("This is part of run # " + rullRunCount;) } }

20. Outer loop shapes First I have a loop that prints 7 stars in a row using a loop. When the loop is done, go to the next line. Now add an outer loop to print the 7 stars 3 times. (remember to use a different counter) for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <=3; fullRunCount++) { for (int count = 1; count <=7; count++) { print("*"); } println(); } and now you have *******

21. Outer loop shapes You can use the outer control counter as a variable inside the inner loop. Now print as many stars as the counter in the outer loop for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <=3; fullRunCount++) { for (int count = 1; count <= fullRunCount; count++) { print("*"); } println(); } –and now you have this shape * ** ***

22. Example: Interest Program Example - Write a program that calculates the interest that the Canarsie Indians would have accumulated if they had put the $24 that they had received for Manhattan Island in the bank at 5% interest. Input - none; all the values are fixed Output - Year and Principle Other Information - Principle is initially 24 Interest = Interest Rate * Principle New Principle = Old Principle + Interest

23. Example: Interest Program Our initial algorithm is: 1.Set the principle to 24 2.For every year since 1625, add 5% interest to the principle and print out the principle.

24. Refining The Interest Algorithm 1.Set the principle to 24 2.For every year since 1625, add 5% interest to the principle and print out the principle. 2.1FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present: 2.1.1Add 5% interest to the principle 2.1.2Print the current principle

25. Refining The Interest Algorithm 1.Set the principle to 24 2.1FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present: 2.1.1Add 5% interest to the principle 2.1.2Print the current principle 2.1.1.1 Calculate 5% Interest 2.1.1.2 Add the interest to the principle

26. Refining The Interest Algorithm 1.Set the principle to 24 2.1FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present: 2.1.1.1Calculate 5% Interest 2.1.1.2Add the interest to the principle 2.1.2Print the current principle principle = 24;

27. Refining The Interest Algorithm principle = 24; 2.1FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present: 2.1.1.1Calculate 5% Interest 2.1.1.2Add the interest to the principle 2.1.2Print the current principle for (year = 1625; year < present; year++){ }

28. Refining The Interest Algorithm principle = 24; for (year = 1625; year < present; year++){ 2.1.1.1Calculate 5% Interest 2.1.1.2Add the interest to the principle 2.1.2Print the current principle } interest = rate * principle; principle = principle + interest;

29. Refining The Interest Algorithm principle = 24; for (year = 1625; year < present; year++) { interest = rate * principle; principle = principle + interest; 2.1.2Print the current principle } System.out.println("year = " + year + "\tprinciple = “ + principle);

30. The Interest Program public class Interest { // Calculate the interest that the Canarsie // Indians could have accrued if they had // deposited the $24 in an bank account at // 5% interest. public static void main(String[] args) { final int present = 2005; int year; final double rate = 0.05; double interest, principle; // Set the initial principle at $24 principle = 24;

31. // For every year since 1625, add 5% interest // to the principle and print out // the principle for (year = 1625; year < present; year++) { interest = rate * principle; principle = principle + interest; System.out.println("year = " + year + "\tprinciple = " + principle); }

32. Output from the Compound Interest Program What will our output look like? year = 1625principle = 25.2 year = 1626principle = 26.46 year = 1627principle = 27.783 year = 1628principle = 29.172150000000002 … … … … … year = 2001principle = 2.3365602874289446E9 year = 2002principle = 2.4533883018003917E9 year = 2003principle = 2.5760577168904114E9 year = 2004principle = 2.704860602734932E9

33. Summary loops repeat the code in braces Still goes line by line – (you should now know which line the system will read next) variables persist with their value until they are destroyed – they don't reset at the beginning of a loop (unless a statement you write specifically sets it to 0). variables created inside a loop are destroyed at the end of a loop You can accumulate a total by adding a new value to the accumulated total held in another variable. (total = total + whatever); - remember to start total at 0.