2. AIR and Air Pollution

3. Health Effects A. Short-term effects reversible 1. headache 2. nausea 3. irritation to eyes, nose, & throat 4. tightness in chest 5. coughing 6. upper respiratory infections 7. asthma & emphysema

4. Long-term effects 1. Emphysema 2. Lung cancer 3. Heart disease 4. Worsen conditions suffered by elderly 5. Damage the lungs of children

5. Atmosphere is made up of: 1. Nitrogen - 78% 2. Oxygen – 21% 3. Argon(.9%), carbon dioxide(.03%) and water vapor(.07%)

6. Layers of the Atmosphere The 4 Layers of the Atmosphere 1. The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere that touches Earth’s surface. 2. The stratosphere extends from the troposphere to about 50 km in height. At the upper end of the stratosphere, there is a layer called the ozone. The ozone protects us from UV light. 3. The mesosphere is the third layer of atmosphere from Earth’s surface. This is the coldest layer of all atmospheres. 4. the thermosphere is the hottest in temperature due to the constant bombardment of sun rays from the sun.

8. Air pollution 1. human activities 2. natural sources a. Volcanoes b. Dust c. Pollen d. spores

9. Primary pollutants Human activities 1. household products 2. power plants 3. motor vehicles 4. soot from smoke

10. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 1. carbon monoxide a. Exhaust from vehicles 2. nitrogen oxide a. Vehicles b. Coal-burning plants 3. sulfur dioxide a. Coal and oil are burned b. Power plants, refineries, and metal smelters 4. vehicles and gas station spillage 5. household products

11. Particulate matter 1. fine particulates a. Fuel burned by vehicles b. Coal-burning power plants 2. coarse particulates a. Cement plants b. Mining operations c. Incinerators d. Wood-burning fireplaces e. Fields f. Roads

12. Impacts: - Lung irritation - Visibility Sources: Depends on particle size

13. Impacts: Visibility at Shenandoah Nat’l Park

14. Primary Air Pollutants

15. Carbon Monoxide Impacts: Lowers blood oxygen levels Headaches, reduces alertness, death Sources: Vehicles (plus others)

16. Nitrogen Oxides NOx = NO + NO2 Impacts: Respiratory irritant -Leads to ozone formation -Leads to acidic deposition of HNO3 -Sources: High-temperature combustion

17. Ozone Impacts: - Respiratory irritant - Plant damage (forest, crops) Sources: -Produced in the atmosphere A major urban and regional pollution problem

18. Sulfur Dioxide Impacts: - Eye and lung irritation - Acidic deposition of sulfuric acid. - Damage to limestone and concrete. Sources: S in fuel is emitted as SO2

19. Impacts: Acidic deposition

20. Secondary pollutants A. Ground level ozone UV rays of the sun & mix with the O 2 in the atmosphere Industrial societies burn a lot of fossil fuels

21. Clean Air Act Passed in 1970 1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The Clean Air Act is the federal law designed to make sure that all Americans have air that is safe to breathe. Public health protection is the primary goal, though the law also seeks to protect our environment from damage caused by air pollution.

23. Smog Over urban areas & reduces visibility a. Sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and ozone b. vehicles & industries c. Los Angeles, Denver, & Phoenix