1. Spanish California: 1769-1824 1770: Golden Age of Spanish Empire

2. Colonization of Alta California: 10 year project 1769-? Why 1769? –Alta California never directly colonized –Fear of competition—Russians, English –Fear of independence –Must Hispanisize the native population

3. Four Tiered Project: Presidios Missions Pueblos Ranchos

4. Colonial Project’s Goals 1.Save souls through conversion to Christianity 2.Create a ‘Gente de Razon’, Hispanisize native populations 3.Teach farming and agriculture 4.Eventually create private property from mission lands 5.Recruit some Spaniards--Rancheros

6. 4 Presidios: –San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Francisco 3 Pueblos: –Branciforte (Santa Cruz), Los Angeles, San Jose 22 Missions: –San Diego 1769 to Solano (Sonoma) 1823 Ranchos: –Only 20 families until 1824

7. Drake’s Arrival Artist’s conception of Miwok Indians greeting Sir Francis Drake, 1579

8. Miwok Sunday Service, Mission Dolores (SF), 1816

9. Missionization of CA Indians –Control of sex, gender roles –Agriculture –Demographic collapse –Spanish, Catholic Church rationalization

10. Mission La Purisma near Lompoc, CA

12. Mission San Diego

13. San Gabriel Mission

14. Santa Barbara Mission

16. California Mission Postcards: Carmel

17. Monterey

18. San Francisco

19. San Louis Obispo

20. Santa Cruz

21. Pueblos 1.Spanish on the ground—beginnings of a civil society 2.Problematic Missions 3.Los Angeles Pueblo, 1781 4.Racial Diversity in Pueblos (esp LA)

22. Pueblo LA 1847

23. L.A. 1857

24. Ranchos –Difficult to recruit Spanish Only 20 families from 1769-1824 get land grants Nieto Family: Long Beach to Orange County Dominguez Family: San Pedro, Palos Verdes (75,000 acres) –Ideas of property ownership Very casual Culture of Honor; Romantic Image –Rising tensions Padres vs Rancheros

27. Dominguez Estate

28. Mexican Era: 1824-1848 Independence: 1823-34 Secularization: 1833-34 Native Californians Golden Age of the Californio

30. Native Laborer on Rancho

31. The Romantic Californio

32. Californio

33. General Vallejo

34. Californio Map

35. Pio Pico and Family, ca 1850