1. AOSS 401, Fall 2007 Lecture 27 November 28, 2007 Richard B. Rood (Room 2525, SRB) rbrood@umich.edu 734-647-3530 Derek Posselt (Room 2517D, SRB) dposselt@umich.edu 734-936-0502

2. Class News November 28, 2007 Homework 7 (Posted tomorrow, Thursday) –Due Next Friday Important Dates: –December 10: Final Exam –December 7: Go over homework Review session –December 5: Hurricanes Joint with AOSS 451

3. Weather National Weather Service –http://www.nws.noaa.gov/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ –Model forecasts: http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/basicwx/day0- 7loop.html http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/basicwx/day0- 7loop.html Weather Underground –http://www.wunderground.com/cgi- bin/findweather/getForecast?query=ann+arborhttp://www.wunderground.com/cgi- bin/findweather/getForecast?query=ann+arbor –Model forecasts: http://www.wunderground.com/modelmaps/maps.asp ?model=NAM&domain=US http://www.wunderground.com/modelmaps/maps.asp ?model=NAM&domain=US

4. Material from Chapter 11 Tropics –Tropics versus middle latitudes –Features of the tropical circulation Tropical scale analysis Tropical waves –Kelvin waves –Equatorial Rossby Waves –Mixed Rossby-gravity Waves

5. Picture of Earth: What can you say about this figure?

6. What are the differences between the tropics and the middle latitudes on Earth? Tropics: –The area of the tropics – say + and – 30 degrees latitude is half the area of the Earth. –Might say the tropics is + and – 20 degrees of latitude, and subtropics are between 20 and 30 degrees of latitude. The importance of rotation, the Coriolis parameter. What else is different?

7. Let’s think about the Coriolis parameter

8. Coriolis parameter in the tropics What latitude is coriolis parameter, say, 10% of mid-latitude value?

9. Recall our idealized Rossby wave equation and middle latitude scale analysis

10. Perturbation equation: Barotropic Rossby wave at middle latitudes

11. Wave like solutions Where does the coriolis parameter appear in this equation?

12. Coriolis force The coriolis parameter decreases to zero at the equator. –Approximated by  X distance from the equator. We see from our wave equation and the conservation of vorticity that  is a parameter of central importance to the dynamics –Advection of planetary vorticity.

13. Recalling our simple wave solution and comparing advection of planetary and relative vorticity.

14. Coriolis force Can we say that the advection of planetary vorticity is less important? –We will come back to this.

15. Differences between the tropics and middle latitudes What are other differences?

16. Differences between the tropics and middle latitudes The contrast between summer and winter is not as large as at middle and high latitudes. –There is lot of solar heating. There is a lot of water! –What is the “physical” difference between water and land? –Sea surface temperature is important to dynamics. What happens to water when it is warm?

17. Let’s think about waves some more We assume that dependent variables like u and v can be represented by an average and deviation from the average.

18. Let’s think about waves some more Some fundamental ideas

19. Let’s think about waves some more Some fundamental ideas. –Waves have some sort of restoring force Buoyancy waves: gravity Rossby waves: The gradient of planetary vorticity –Think about the conservation of potential vorticity –Waves tend to grow and decay at the expense of the “energy” in the mean state. –Waves tend to respond to out of balance situations. –Waves tend to move things towards equilibrium –Waves propagate So they can communicate things happening in one part of the fluid to far away places.

20. In middle latitudes: How do the Rossby waves that cause weather, the synoptic waves, get their energy?

21. Energetics of Midlatitude Cyclone Development The jet stream is commonly associated with strong temperature gradients in the middle/lower troposphere (thermal wind relationship) Midlatitude cyclones develop along waves in the jet stream Midlatitude cyclones are always associated with fronts (Norwegian cyclone model) There is a link between temperature gradients and cyclone development…

22. Idealized vertical cross section

23. Two important definitions barotropic –density depends only on pressure. –By the ideal gas equation, surfaces of constant pressure are surfaces of constant density are surfaces of constant temperature (idealized assumption).  =  (p) baroclinic –density depends on pressure and temperature (as in the real world).  =  (p,T)

24. Barotropic/baroclinic atmosphere Barotropic: p p +  p p + 2  p p p +  p p + 2  p T+2  TT+  T T T T+2  T T+  T Baroclinic: ENERGY HERE THAT IS CONVERTED TO MOTION

25. Barotropic/baroclinic atmosphere Barotropic: p p +  p p + 2  p p p +  p p + 2  p T+2  TT+  T T T T+2  T T+  T Baroclinic: DIABATIC HEATING KEEPS BUILDING THIS UP

26. Lifting and sinking There are massive amounts of available energy in these sloping surfaces. And what do waves want to do?

27. Barotropic/baroclinic atmosphere Energetics: –Baroclinic = temperature contrast = density contrast = available potential energy –Extratropical cyclones intensify through conversion of available potential energy to kinetic energy

28. Energetics in the atmosphere Ability to convert potential energy to kinetic energy directly related to tilt with height (offset) of low/high pressure

29. Tropics and middle latitudes In middle latitudes the waves grow from the energy available in the baroclinic atmosphere. –horizontal temperature gradients scale is large latent heat release is on scales small compared to baroclinic energy convergence. In the tropics the horizontal temperature gradients are small.

30. An estimate of the January mean temperature north winter south summer tropopause stratopause mesosphere stratosphere troposphere note where the horizontal temperature gradients are large

31. Tropics and middle latitudes Baroclinicity is less important in the tropics –Latent heat release is generally most important. –What does this mean?

32. Equations of motion in pressure coordinates (using Holton’s notation)

33. What does importance of latent heat release mean. Diabatic processes are more important in the tropics. Hence, vertical velocity is more strongly related to diabatic heating than to temperature advection. –What about divergence? The scale of the forcing of motions is small –Related to the phase change of water.

34. Picture of Earth: What can you say about this figure?

35. Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

36. ITCZ Circulation

37. A couple of things to note The winds at the surface in the tropics are, on average, easterly, from the east, towards the west. Go back to our mid-latitude wave: –What does this say about waves in the tropics? –Well, it says, they are different! (Not that they don’t exist!)

38. ITCZ: Seasonal differences

39. What is happening here and here?

40. South American Seasonal Cycle CONVECTION GOES WILD

41. Cloud Liquid Water: Average NOTE: Remarkable areas with no clouds! No rain!

42. Vertical circulation around the ITCZ What is the direction of the zonal wind?

43. ITCZ: Seasonal differences What is happening here and here?

44. Monsoonal Flow

45. Lets return to our simple problem Earth’s surface warm core cold core PGF H L L H DIVERGENCE CONVERGENCE DIVERGENCE LAND OCEAN SUMMER TIME

46. Lets return to our simple problem Earth’s surface warming cooling PGF H L L H Earth’s surface LAND OCEAN SUMMER TIME

47. Monsoonal Circulation Driven by land-sea temperature contrast. Reversal of flow from summer to winter. Tremendously important to precipitation. South and East Asian monsoon among most important of circulation features.

48. Circulation features of the tropics Inter-tropical convergence zone –Hadley circulation Monsoonal circulations Madden-Julian Oscillation African easterly waves Walker circulation El Nino and La Nina

49. Madden-Julian Oscillation OLR = outgoing longwave radiation. Cold is the top of the clouds. Cold is the top of the hot towers.

50. African easterly waves

51. What is happening here and here? That’s north Africa. It’s summer.

52. African easterly waves The Sahara gets SO HOT, that the meridional temperature gradient is important. –But it is reversed over our normal thinking!

53. So let’s think about these scales of motion.

54. Equations of motion in pressure coordinates (using Holton’s notation)

55. Scale factors for “large-scale” mid-latitude

56. Introduce another vertical coordinate.

57. Equations of motion in log pressure coordinates (using Holton’s notation)

58. Scale factors for “large-scale” tropics

59. Scaling: Momentum Equation

60. Scaling: Momentum equation Geostrophic balance is not dominant. –How many km from the equator is geostrophic term no longer small? –What about  ? If the pressure gradient is balanced in the momentum equation, then...

61. This means something! For a similar scale disturbances in the tropics and middle latitudes the geopotential perturbation is a smaller by an order of magnitude in the tropics. What does this mean –for the scales of motion? –for the important physical terms?