1. Macromolecules https://www. youtube. com/watch
Macromolecules song…3:41 min.

2. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

4. Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds
Copyright Cmassengale

5. Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds
Copyright Cmassengale

6. Copyright Cmassengale
Hydrocarbons
The simplest carbon compounds …
Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms
Copyright Cmassengale

7. Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other carbons
Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
Copyright Cmassengale

8. Functional Groups are:
Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach
Lost Electrons
Gained Electrons
Copyright Cmassengale

9. Common Functional Groups
Copyright Cmassengale

10. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

11. Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

12. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H
H2O HO H

13. This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar
Linking Monomers
Cells link monomers by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water)
Remove H
H2O Forms
Remove OH
This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar
Copyright Cmassengale

14. Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

15. Answer: Hydrolysis
Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H
H2O HO H

16. Breaking Down Polymers
Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
Water added to split a double sugar
Copyright Cmassengale

17. Carbohydrates

18. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide

19. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose

20. Copyright Cmassengale
Monosaccharides:
Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6
Copyright Cmassengale

21. Copyright Cmassengale
Monosaccharides:
Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6
Copyright Cmassengale

22. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

23. Copyright Cmassengale
Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (condensation)
Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond
Copyright Cmassengale

24. Copyright Cmassengale
Disaccharides
Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules
Lactose is made of galactose + glucose
GLUCOSE
Copyright Cmassengale

25. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose

26. Copyright Cmassengale
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polymers of monosaccharide chains
Copyright Cmassengale

27. Copyright Cmassengale
Starch
Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
Copyright Cmassengale

28. Copyright Cmassengale
Glycogen
Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers
Copyright Cmassengale

29. Copyright Cmassengale
Glycogen
Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers
Copyright Cmassengale

30.
“What are carbohydrates?”
2:56 min.

31. Lipids

32. Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
Remember: “stores the most energy”
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides

33. Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

34. Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. = =H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

35. Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
unsaturated

36. Copyright Cmassengale
Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)
Copyright Cmassengale

37. Copyright Cmassengale
Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
Copyright Cmassengale

38. Copyright Cmassengale
Triglyceride
Monomer of lipids
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains
Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat
Organic Alcohol (-OL ending)
Copyright Cmassengale

39. Copyright Cmassengale
Triglyceride
Fatty Acid Chains
Glycerol
Copyright Cmassengale

40. Lipids & Cell Membranes
Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic)
Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)
Copyright Cmassengale

41. “Lipid structure and function”
2:50 min.

42. Proteins

43. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

44. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure

45. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

46. Structure of Amino Acids
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
R group
Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side groups
Side group -R
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic
Copyright Cmassengale

47. Copyright Cmassengale
Linking Amino Acids
Carboxyl
Cells link amino acids together to make proteins
Amino
Side Group
The process is called condensation or dehydration
Dehydration Synthesis
Peptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together
Peptide Bond
Copyright Cmassengale

48. Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)

49. Primary Protein Structure
The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Called polypeptide
Amino Acid
Copyright Cmassengale

50. Secondary Structure
3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds

51. Tertiary Structure
Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of joined poypeptides
Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)
Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet

52. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
Globular in shape
Form in Aqueous environments
Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunits

53. Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures
Copyright Cmassengale

54. Other Important Proteins
Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin
Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen
The cell membrane also contains proteins
Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells
Copyright Cmassengale

55. Other Important Proteins
Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin
Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen
The cell membrane also contains proteins
Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells
Copyright Cmassengale

56. “What is a Protein?”
3;38 min.

57. Nucleic Acids

58. Copyright Cmassengale

59. Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

60. Copyright Cmassengale
Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide
Copyright Cmassengale

61. Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer
Copyright Cmassengale

62. Copyright Cmassengale
Nucleic Acids
Copyright Cmassengale

63. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

64. Copyright Cmassengale
Bases
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Copyright Cmassengale

65. DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

66. Copyright Cmassengale
DNA
Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix
Base
pair
Double helix
Copyright Cmassengale

67. Copyright Cmassengale
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or U)
Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
Uracil
Phosphate
group
It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Sugar (ribose)
Copyright Cmassengale

68. Copyright Cmassengale
ATP – Cellular Energy
ATP is used by cells for energy
Adenosine triphosphate
Made of a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups
Copyright Cmassengale

69. Copyright Cmassengale
ATP – Cellular Energy
Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP
The last 2 phosphate bonds are HIGH ENERGY
Breaking the last phosphate bond releases energy for cellular work and produces ADP and a free phosphate
ADP (adenosine Diphosphate) can be rejoined to the free phosphate to make more ATP
Copyright Cmassengale

70.
Bozeman..10:46
“The molecules of Life”