1. Unit 1.1 Foundations of American Government: Independence- Answers
Complete the Guided Reading / Structured Notes as you view the Power Point.

2. Standards: Essential Standards:
CE.C&G.1.1 Explain how tensions over power and authority led America's founding fathers to develop a constitutional democracy
CE.C&G.1.2 Explain how the Enlightenment and other contributing theories impacted the writing of the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and the Bill of Rights to help promote liberty, justice, and equality
CE.C&G.4.2 Explain how the development of America's national identity derived from principles of the Declaration of Independence, US Constitution, and Bill of Rights

3. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
I. What Influenced Colonial Government?
a. The colonists (settlers’) ideas of government were influenced by England and the Enlightenment and Greece
b. Democracy began in Ancient Greece
c. Enlightenment- began belief that reason and science could be used to make life decisions- supported the rights of individuals
d. England was ruled by a monarch
e. Magna Carta (1215)- document the King of England was forced to sign that protected the rights of English nobles
f. Magna Carta- eventually the rights of this document were granted to all English people
g. Most important idea from Magna Carta- no one is above the law- not even the leader of the country

4. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
h. Parliament (1300’s)- group of people who make laws in England
i. English monarchs worked with Parliament to run England
j. Glorious Revolution (1688)- Parliament and the king fought over power- Parliament removed King James from power and appointed his daughter Mary and her husband William as Queen and King- no bloodshed- a peaceful transition of power
k. Glorious Revolution showed Parliament had more power than the monarch
l. After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament’s power to make laws, raise taxes, and control the army came from the English Bill of Rights
m. Bill of Rights- document that lists the rights of the people of a country

5. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
n. English Bill of Rights (1689)- at first granted rights to Parliament- eventually all of England were granted those rights
i. free elections
ii. fair trial
iii. no cruel and unusual punishment
o. Common Law- English system of law that uses previous court decisions (precedents) to make rulings instead of using written laws (statutes)

6. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
p. John Locke- philosopher who believed all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property that no government can take away
q. Social Contract Theory- Idea that the people and the government have a contract- the people agree to give up certain freedoms and obey the government’s laws and the government agrees to protect the people- if the government breaks its contact and does not protect the people Locke believed the people had the right to revolt against the government (an idea about an agreement between the people and their government)

8. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
r. Jean-Jacques Rousseau- philosopher who believed people are born free and have a right to determine how they should be governed
s. Baron de Montesquieu- philosopher who believed government should be separated into different parts to balance each other and make sure no one part becomes too powerful- known as separation of powers

10. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
II. Colonial traditions of Self-Government
1600’s and 1700’s England established colonies in America
Colony- group of people in one place who are ruled by another country
Roanoke Colony (1587)- “The Lost Colony”- founded by Sir Walter Raleigh- no one knows what happened to the colonists
Jamestown, Virginia (1607)- first permanent settlement in the colonies- many people died the first years- hard winters little food
House of Burgesses (1619)- first representative legislature in the colonies- marked the beginning of self-government in the colonies- established in Jamestown

11. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
Mayflower Compact (1620)- signed by Pilgrims before they landed in Plymouth (Massachusetts)- established first direct democracy in the colonies
Town Meetings- local meetings in New England where people would meet to discuss the government and carry out direct democracy- still used today as a way to operate the government

12. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- 1st written constitution in the colonies- people from Massachusetts moved to Connecticut to escape religious persecution and formed their own government
1707 England united with Scotland and became known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain
By 1733, 13 colonies had been established- each with its own governor (either elected by the people or appointed by the king) and a legislature of representatives elected by the free adult males

14. Section 1:Our English Heritage: Standard 1.2
Salutary- beneficial
Salutary Neglect- Over time Great Britain neglected the colonies by concentrating on their own country’s issues and allowing the colonies to make their own decisions about government and life

16. Section 1: Review
What did John Locke believe about people’s natural rights? P. 34
Explain how the people and government operate under a social contract. P. 35
Who did philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe had the right to determine how people would be governed? P. 35
Why did Baron de Montesquieu develop the idea of dividing the government into parts? P. 35

17. Section 2:The English Colonies: Standards 1.1, 4.2
II. People of the Colonies
People came to the American colonies for many different reasons
i. religious freedom, economics, land ownership, slavery
As people settled the colonies they wanted more land- to get more land they had to take it from the Native Americans
The governor of Virginia tried to limit the land settlers could take from Native Americans
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)- Nathaniel Bacon revolted against colonial government of Virginia to oppose limits on land acquisition- showed many settlers were not willing to be restricted by governmental policies

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19. Section 2: Review
Why did Nathaniel Bacon lead attacks on the colonial government of Virginia? P. 42
Why is Bacon’s Rebellion considered to be significant? P. 42

20. Section 3:Colonial Society: Standards 1.1, 4.2
II. An American Identity
Common ideas and interests that united the colonists under one identity as Americans- (how Americans see themselves)

21. Section 3:Colonial Society: Standards 1.1, 4.2
Ideas About Government-
The Enlightenment and Great Awakening led people to a belief in equality- egalitarianism
Colonists believed they were equal to all English people and deserved their same rights
Colonists believed they deserved to have a voice in Parliament if the British government was going to make economic and political decisions that impacted their lives
The colonists supported the power of Parliament because they were the voice of the people

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23. Section 3:Colonial Society: Standards 1.1, 4.2
The colonists did not support the way the British king appointed colonial government officials without a voice from the colonists
British trade and tax policies supported the British and hurt the colonists while not allowing the colonists to have a voice in Parliament
Salutary Neglect in areas of government, land ownership and religion grew into colonial expectations
Colonists became used to self-government and gradually came to think of it as their right
As colonists read more Enlightenment writings supporting the rights of individuals they became more and more concerned with British policies that limited their rights
Colonists began to look for answers to the problem of how to change British policies

25. Section 3: Review
How were British trade and tax policies unfair toward the colonists? P. 49
After years of being allowed to govern themselves, how did colonists view self- government? P. 49

26. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
I. Colonial Resistance
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

28. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
A. Mercantilism-
a. Britain developed a plan to gain more wealth and power- called Mercantilism
b. Mercantilism- The theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys to increase the country’s wealth in silver and gold
c. Favorable Balance of Trade-When your country has more exports than imports- the result you get when mercantilism is working correctly
d. Great Britain decided to use the raw materials found in the colonies to make their plan of mercantilism work without giving any of their profits to the colonies
e. To make mercantilism work the British created a series of laws called the Navigation Acts (1660’s)- all countries selling to or buying from the colonies had to pay to use English ships

29. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
B. Iroquois League (1500’s)
a. Iroquois tribes of the northeast agreed to stop fighting each other and united to form Iroquois League
b. Made then the dominant tribe among the eastern Native American people
c. League was so successful it influenced Benjamin Franklin to propose the Albany Plan of Union
C. Albany Plan of Union (1754)
a. plan to create a federal union of the colonies- proposed by Benjamin Franklin
b. rejected- but showed many colonists were thinking of uniting

30. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
D. French and Indian War ( )
a. Britain defeated the French and gained new land in America
b. Britain went deep into debt to pay for the war
c. to pay for the French and Indian War Britain decided to tax the colonies
d. ended with the Treaty of Paris 1763

31. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
E. Proclamation of 1763
a. law forbidding colonists to move west of the Appalachian Mountains
b. created to keep the peace with Native Americans
c. angered colonists who wanted to settle in that region

33. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
F. Stamp Act (1765)
a. tax created to pay for French and Indian War
b. colonists had to pay tax on all paper products
c. first direct tax on colonists

34. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
G. Quartering Act
a. required colonists to feed, house and supply British troops

35. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
H. Boycott
a. colonists refused to buy British goods to protest policies
b. angered British because they lost money

36. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
I. Stamp Act Congress (1765)
a. meeting of colonists in New York
b. representatives from 13 colonies wrote a letter to King George III opposing the new British policies
c. First time a majority of colonists joined together to oppose British rule
d. Parliament repealed Stamp Act

37. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
J. Declaratory Act (1766)
a. said Parliament had the right to make decisions for the colonies in all cases as a response to the actions of the Stamp Act Congress

38. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
K. Townshend Acts (1767)
a. legalized the use of writs of assistance to assist British customs officers in catching smugglers
b. writ of assistance- general search warrants that allowed customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling- no probable cause required

39. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
L. Boston Massacre (1770)
a. British soldiers were provoked by colonists and shot 5 colonists
b. cartoon in newspaper made colonists look innocent when they had caused the fight
c. colonists believed the cartoon and became angry

41. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
M. “No taxation without representation”
a. colonists slogan used to voice their anger over British policy of taxing colonists without allowing colonists to be represented in Parliament

43. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
N. Tea Acts (1773)
a. gave an economic advantage to British tea merchants over colonial tea merchants (made British tea cheaper)
O. Boston Tea Party (1773)
a. to protest the Tea Act colonists dressed up as Native Americans and dumped British tea into the Boston Harbor to prevent British merchants from selling it and making a profit
P. Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (1773)
a. laws that limited the colonists’ civil rights, including the right to a trial by jury

45. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
II. Moving Toward Independence
A. First Continental Congress (1774)
a. delegates (representatives) from 12 colonies (all except Georgia) met to form a political group to formally protest England’s treatment of the colonists
b. sent letter to King George demanding he restore the colonists’ rights
c. agreed to continue boycott of British goods
B. Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1774)
a. letter written to King George demanding he restore the colonists’ rights
b. expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts

46. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
C. Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775)
a. first battles of the Revolutionary War between British and colonial Minutemen
b. Each of the 13 colonies maintained separate armies known as militias (small volunteer armies of colonial soldiers)
c. fought because King George responded to First Continental Congress with force
D. “Shot Heard Around the World” (1775)
a. when shots were fired at the battles of Lexington and Concord they began the Revolutionary War
b. the War had an impact on countries around the world
c. should be called “shot heard about around the world”

47. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
E. Second Continental Congress (1775)
a. delegates (representatives) from the colonies met to discuss the colonial response to the Battles of Lexington and Concord
b. members debated the issue and decided to declare their independence from England

50. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
F. Thomas Paine “Common Sense”
a. T. Paine wrote pamphlet called “Common Sense”
b. pamphlet called for colonists to declare their independence from Britain
c. said Parliament didn’t make any decisions without the king’s approval and colonists should break free of king’s abusive control
d. his ideas influenced members of the Second Cont. Congress

51. Section 4:Birth of a Democratic Nation: Standards 1.1, 1.2
III. The Declaration of Independence
A. Declaration of Independence
a. letter written by Thomas Jefferson at Second Continental Congress to King George telling him the colonists were demanding their independence from England because of his abuse of power
b. stated democratic ideals held by the colonists
i. all men are created equal
ii. all men are born with the rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
c. stated if the government abuses its power the people have a right to abolish the government and create a new one
d. influenced by the ideas of John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers
B. The Declaration of Independence officially began the American Revolution in 1776
C. American Revolution ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783

55. Section 4 : Review
How did Britain pay off the war debt from the French and Indian War? P. 52
What about the Townshend Acts of angered the colonists? P. 52
Why were the colonists angry about the British taxes? P. 53
How did King George III respond to the demands of the First Continental Congress? P. 54

56. Section 4: Review
What arguments against the King were made in the Declaration of Independence? P. 55
In the Declaration of Independence, what did Thomas Jefferson say was the purpose of government? P. 56
Whose ideas did Thomas Jefferson use to support his statements in the Declaration of Independence? P. 56