1. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 1 Future Mobility in Europe l Challenges l EU transport policy l Alternative fuels Franz Söldner European Commission Directorate General for Mobility and Transport

2. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 2 Growing challenges Growing congestion and poorer accessibility. An infrastructure gap in the enlarged EU Increasing oil price and persistent oil dependency. Deterioration of climate and local environment Increasing competitive pressure in the global economy

3. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 3 Rising Oil Price and Oil Dependency l Transport depends on oil for about 96% of its energy needs. l The transport sector accounts for almost 90% of the projected increase in global oil use.. 750 million cars today, 2.2 billion in 2050. The depletion of reserves and growing global demand would lead to ever higher oil prices. Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2010 Source: Prometheus, NTUA (E3MLab)

4. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 4 Oil Consumption EU-27

5. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Transport EU-27

6. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 6 Air Pollution in Europe (NO 2 )

7. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 7 Policy Drivers on Sustainable Mobility High demand on finite energy sources (Range of conventional oil: ~ 45 years) Increasing energy import dependence (Import dependence for oil: 84% at present) Increasing greenhouse gas emissions (Increase of transport CO 2 emissions: 25% since 1990) Persistent air quality problems (Cities: particulates, NOx - Ships and boats: sulphur)

8. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 8 Policy Objectives on Sustainable Mobility l Improve energy efficiency  contribute to reduction of energy demand l Substitute oil by alternative fuels  contribute to security of energy supply l Reduce CO 2 emissions  contribute to climate protection l Reduce pollutant emissions  contribute to reduction of health impact

9. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 9 EU Transport White Paper 2011 l Vision for the transport system by 2050 l 1 target: -60% greenhouse gas emissions l 10 indicative goals to guide policy action l 40 actions in 4 areas: o Internal Market o Innovation o Infrastructure o International

10. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 10 A CO 2 Target for Transport Transport accounts for 25% of EU greenhouse gas emissions: 60% passenger transport 23% urban 21% inter-continental. Goal: limit climate change to 2°. EU objective: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels Source: PRIMES-TREMOVE and TREMOVE Source: PRIMES, NTUA (E3MLab)

11. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 11 Measures in Support of Clean Vehicles Supply side measures l Regulation of pollutant emissions Reduction of pollutant emissions through EURO standards l Regulation of CO 2 emissions Cars:130g/km by 2015; 95g/km by 2020 Light Duty Vehicles:175 g/km by 2017 l Renewable Energy Directive 10% share of motor fuels from renewable energy sources by 2020 l Fuel Quality Directive Reduction of CO 2 intensity of fuels by 6 % by 2020 Demand side measures l Greening Transport Internalisation of external costs into vehicle operation (Eurovignette) l Directive on the promotion of clean and energy efficient vehicles Inclusion of energy consumption, CO 2, and pollutant emissions in the purchase decision

12. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 12 Clean Vehicle Directive Monetisation of Lifetime Costs Vehicle Price Pollutants CO2 Fuel Pollutants CO2 Fuel Vehicle Price

13. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 13 EU-Activities on Alternative Fuels  Communication on alternative fuels (11/2001) Biofuels, natural gas, hydrogen  Directive on the market share of biofuels (5/2003) Market share 2% in 2005, rising to 5.75% in 2010  Directive on the taxation of energy products (10/2003) Lower taxation of alternative fuels enabled  Renewable Energy Directive (April 2009) Binding target: 10% renewable transport fuels by 2020  Technology Platforms, Joint Technology Initiatives Hydrogen/fuel cells (TP: 2004; JTI: 2008), Transport (2004), Biofuels (2005 )  Green Cars Initiative of European Economic Recovery Plan (2008 ) Focus on electromobility (EU demonstration project Green eMotion: 2011)  Communication on clean and energy efficient vehicle strategy (4/2010) Focus on improvement of internal combustion engine and electric vehicles

14. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 14 EU-Support to Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (M€)

15. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 15 Alternative Fuels Strategy Comprehensive long-term fuel strategy All transport modes, all segments to be covered White Paper on Transport - Initiative 24 - Technology roadmap: Sustainable alternative fuels strategy including also the appropriate infrastructure White Paper on Transport - Initiative 26 - Regulatory framework: n Appropriate standards for CO 2 emissions of vehicles in all modes n Requirements on energy efficiency for all types of propulsion systems n Rules on interoperability of charging infrastructure for clean vehicles n Guidelines and standards for refuelling infrastructures

16. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 16 Steps to an EU Alternative Fuels Strategy l European Expert Group on Future Transport Fuels Stakeholder experts Future Transport Fuels Report: 25 January 2011 Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Report: December 2011 l Joint Expert Group Transport & Environment National experts European Alternative Fuel Strategy Report: May 2011 l Conference on Future Transport Fuels 13 April 2011 (European Sustainable Energy Week ) l Studies Clean Transport Systems study: final report November 2011 Implementation study: launch 10/2011 l Public Consultation 11 August – 20 October 2011

17. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 17 Future Transport Fuels Expert Group - Reports - http://ec.europa.eu/transport/urban/vehicles/road/clean_transport_systems_en.htm

18. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 18 Energy Pathways

19. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 19 Land Efficiency of Biofuels

20. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 20 Land Efficiency of Biofuels 1 ha:

21. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 21 Fuel Choice Range Road - passengerRoad - freightRailWaterAir shortmediumlongshortmediumlonginlandshort-seamaritime Electric BEV HFC Grid Biofuels (liquid) Synfuels Methane CNG CBG LNG LPG

22. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 22 Alternative Transport Fuel Options Main fuel options: n Electricity / hydrogen  electromobility n Biofuels (liquid) Bridge from fossil to biomass based fuels: n Synthetic fuels (from coal, methane, biomass) Complementary: n Methane (natural gas and biomethane) Supplement: n LPG (now: from oil, natural gas; future: from biomass)

23. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 23 Cost of Fuels Speculative bubble 2007/8: Cost for EU transport: 90 b€ North-Africa unrest 2010/11: Cost for EU transport: 40 b€ Alternative fuels Infrastructure costs for full EU coverage Electricity 20 million charging posts 40 b€ Hydrogen 100.000 filling stations 50 b€ Methane 100.000 filling stations 40 b€ $/bl Oil price

24. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 24 Summary EU Transport Policy: White Paper 2011 l Vision of a sustainable European transport system 2050 l Sectoral target of 60% CO 2 reduction by 2050 l Ten goals for competitive and resource efficient transport l 40 initiatives with concrete actions in 4 areas Alternative Fuels Strategy l Comprehensive strategy for oil substitution in all transport l Package of fuels to cover all transport modes and segments o Electromobility (battery electric; grid; hydrogen) o Biofuels o Methane o LPG

25. European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport Slide 25 Clean Transport and Sustainable Urban Mobility: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/urban/index_en.htm e-mail: franz-xaver.soeldner@ec.europa.eu Contact