1. Upwelling

2. What is upwelling? Upwelling video clip

3. Wind Offshore Transport Upwelled Water Wind causes water in the surface layer to move away from the western coast of continental land masses.

4. How does it happen? Movement is 90° to the right of the wind in Northern Hemisphere. This offshore moving water is replaced by water which upwells, or flows toward the surface from depths of 50 to 100 meters and more.

5. Upwelled water is cooler and saltier than the original surface water, and typically has much greater concentrations of nutrients. Leatherbacks and Jellyfish in Monterey Bay

6. These nutrients support the base of the food chain phytoplankton. Marine ecosystems in the ocean's eastern boundary currents generally have large fish stocks such as sardines and anchovies, and major populations of marine mammals and sea birds.

7. Where are upwelling areas? The major eastern boundary currents include: Canary ( No. W Africa) Peru (So. W America) California (No. W America) MONTEREY BAY SAN FRANCISCO BAY