1. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 1 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Part 1

2. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 2 Objectives Name the basic components of object-oriented programming. Differentiate classes and objects. Define class methods and attributes. Draw UML diagrams for classes and objects.

3. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 3 OOP is about classes and objects These are two very basic concepts in OOP …but what are they? Java is an OOP language

4. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 4 Alan Kay, who was instrumental in the creation of the first Apple Macintosh, was also the creator of the first OOP language called Smalltalk. He defined OOP as follows:

5. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 5 1. Everything is an object An object is a thing, both tangible… Objects often represent physical entities

6. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 6 1. Everything is an object … and intangible, like Time Date Bank Account Grocery List Or, objects can just represent ideas or concepts

7. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 7 2. Every object has a type of class Classes are more difficult to describe: A Class is an abstraction (a blueprint, or template) that defines the attributes and behavior of Objects that belong to the Class Objects assume the characteristics of a class We say an Object is an Instance of a Class, kind of how a cake is an instance of a recipe for a cake. We can also say that a Class Instance is an Object.

8. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 8 3. An object is comprised of attributes and methods defined by its class attributes are data that define an object’s properties Each object has its own variables where it can store the values of its attributes methods are behaviors Methods are executed when an object receives a message to execute it. Methods often manipulate attributes Alan Kay’s OOP definitions, continued

9. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 9 Exercise 1 List some attributes and behaviors for a BankAccount class Pretend it’s used within the software of an ATM machine (or within a personal finance app) What does it represent? What can it do? What are its properties?

10. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 10 Exercise 2 List some attributes and behaviors for a Printer class What does a printer do? What properties does it have?

11. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 11 Unified Modeling Language (UML) A notation for objects and classes. Can be applied to any OOP language (not just Java). UML class diagram

12. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 12 We’re not done with Alan Kay’s definitions yet…

13. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 13 4. Object-oriented programs use objects An object-oriented program is a bunch of objects telling each other what to do by sending and receiving messages to and from one another A message instructs an object to execute one of it’s methods Alan Kay’s OOP definitions, continued

14. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 14 The Relationship between Messages and Methods To instruct an object to do something, we “send a message” to it. You can send a message only to the objects that understand the message you send to them. In Java (and other OO languages like C++, C#, or VB), messages are sent by calling a method defined within the object’s class we also say “execute a method” or “invoke a method” and sometimes we use “function” instead of “method” We don’t usually send messages to classes, although there are exceptions we’ll learn about later

15. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 15 UML again A UML Sequence Diagram illustrating messages being sent to an instance of a class. hp1:Printer purge The message purge The object’s name hp1 The object’s class Printer print(“report.txt”)

16. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 16 Passing values in messages A value we pass to an object when sending a message is called an argument of the message. hp1:Printer The message print with the argument “report.txt” The object’s name hp1 The object’s class Printer print(“report.txt”)

17. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 17 Two-way communication Many times, a method will return a message back to the sender. hp11:Plotter getPaperLevel() The method The object’s name The object’s class No argument 27 The return value

18. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 18 Many arguments can be sent in an originating message, but only one return value can be sent back hp11:Plotter setFont(“Arial”, “italic”) The method The object’s name The object’s class Two arguments “ok” The return value

19. SE-1010 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 19 Object-oriented programming The object-oriented (OO) approach provides tools for the programmer to represent elements in the problem, or domain space Elements in the problem space, and their representation in the solution space, are referred to as “objects” OO allows a programmer to define a class (the type of an object) to fit the problem, rather than being forced into existing data types representing units of storage in a machine Object-orientation allows you to describe the problem in terms of the problem, rather than in terms of the solution