1. Animal Anatomy and Physiology
Animal structures and their functions
Atom  molecule  cell  tissue  organ  system  organism 
population  community  ecosystem  biosphere
Cells specialized for a function = TISSUES
4 types of tissues
Epithelial = lining
Connective = connect organs, tissues together
Nervous tissue = conduct nerve impulses from one part of
organism to another
Muscular = movement

2. Epithelial Tissues Epithelial tissue
Covers outside of body, all organs and all cavities
Basement membrane attaches bottom epithelial to ECM
May be cuboidal (box shaped)
or columnar (column shaped)
or squamous (flat)
Simple epi = single layer of cells
Stratified epi = multiple layers
May secrete mucous (for protection), or other chemicals
May have cilia
May absorb chemicals

3. Connective tissue Connect/bind tissues/organs together
Population of cells in extracellular matrix
Matrix = fibers in ground substance
Fibers = proteins = collagen = most abundant protein in animals
elastin = long, resist stretching
reticular = thin, branched collagen
Some Cells = fibroblasts = form fibers
macrophages = engulf pathogens
adipose = store fat
osteoblasts = form bone
Blood cells = red, white, platelets
Loose connective (adipose) OR dense (tendons, ligaments)

4. Nervous and Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells
Specialized to transmit impulses to communicate from
one portion of body to another
Muscle tissue = skeletal muscle = voluntary movement
smooth muscle = involuntary movement
cardiac muscle = heart only
Actin and myosin (proteins) ‘slide’ across each
other to cause contraction which causes movement

5. Bioenergentics
= exchange of energy between an organism and its environment
Heterotrophs obtain energy from food
Food broken down by enzymatic hydrolysis
Energy obtained via cellular respiration and glycolysis (ATP) Used to do work = 60%
40% energy lost to environment as heat
Total amount of energy used / time = metabolic rate
Energy measured in Calories (1 C = 1000 c)
Measured by : temp change, O2 consumption
All animals with range of metabolic rate from restingpeak activity
= BMR = endotherm
No stress, resting, empty stomach
= SMR = ectotherm

6. Body plans and energy exchange
Larger use less, smaller use more
Posture effects energy used
Ability to carry load of body requires work
Energy/materials exchange with environment
Small organisms exchange via diffusion directly with environment
Larger organisms must
Maintain internal environment with cells bathed in fluid
Internal environment bathing cells of vertebrates
= interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid homeostasis maintained by exchanging
nutrients, gases, waste. etc. with blood
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