1. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty Renewal Theme 2: AIDS, Community Resilience and Social Protection Michelle Adato Renewal/IFPRI Renewal 3 Workshop Randburg, South Africa 12-14 March, 2007

2. Outline of Presentation Central issues Central issues Framework for understanding social protection Framework for understanding social protection Types of interventions Types of interventions Social protection in the context of AIDS Social protection in the context of AIDS Current status Current status R3 Research themes R3 Research themes Proposed projects Proposed projects

3. Central issues in this theme How social protection needs to be rethought in the context of HIV and AIDS How social protection needs to be rethought in the context of HIV and AIDS Roles and partnerships between the State, communities, and NGOs Roles and partnerships between the State, communities, and NGOs in maximizing resilience to AIDS through ensuring effective and reliable social protection in maximizing resilience to AIDS through ensuring effective and reliable social protection

4. A Social Protection Framework Secure basic consumption Reduce fluctuations in consumption and avert asset reduction Enable people to save, invest, and accumulate through reduction in risk and income variation Build, diversify, and enhance use of assets Reduce access constraints Directly provide or loan assets Build linkages with institutions Unconditional cash or food transfer Direct feeding Subsidies Public works Insurance Conditional transfers Livelihoods programs Microcredit Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Employment in care services Child and adult education/skills Home-based care Transform institutions and relationships Economic Political Social Protective Preventative Promotional Transformational

5. Types of interventions Cash transfers Cash transfers Food and nutrition transfers Food and nutrition transfers Public works, employment and training Public works, employment and training Maternal and child health and nutrition Maternal and child health and nutrition Adult and children’s education and skills Adult and children’s education and skills Livelihoods and microcredit Livelihoods and microcredit Insurance Insurance Subsidies Subsidies

6. Social protection in the context of AIDS HIV and AIDS pose serious challenges to already difficult issues of finance, design, administration, implementation, targeting, capacity, socio- cultural context, gender & other social relations, conflict, markets, politics, political economy, ethics HIV and AIDS pose serious challenges to already difficult issues of finance, design, administration, implementation, targeting, capacity, socio- cultural context, gender & other social relations, conflict, markets, politics, political economy, ethics Bases for selecting among programs and design features may be irrelevant or incorrect Bases for selecting among programs and design features may be irrelevant or incorrect But how different? But how different?

7. Some examples Cash transfers programs need urgent scaling up, but how to target? How to sustain them financially and politically? Cash transfers programs need urgent scaling up, but how to target? How to sustain them financially and politically? Conditionalities need to be carefully considered Conditionalities need to be carefully considered Whether they are appropriate Whether they are appropriate What to condition on What to condition on Job creation programs may need to focus on care services, ‘light,’ flexible, and home-based work, not hard labour Job creation programs may need to focus on care services, ‘light,’ flexible, and home-based work, not hard labour Microfinance may need different structures and rules with respect to group-based borrowing and repayment Microfinance may need different structures and rules with respect to group-based borrowing and repayment Programs concerned with pre-natal nutrition by targeting pregnant mothers need to consider HIV and AIDS Programs concerned with pre-natal nutrition by targeting pregnant mothers need to consider HIV and AIDS

8. Public works, employment and training Jobs and skills Jobs and skills Social, physical, and productive infrastructure Social, physical, and productive infrastructure Delivery of social services and care (e.g. home-based care; early childhood development) Delivery of social services and care (e.g. home-based care; early childhood development) Household contracts with flexible family labor to substitute where members weak or ill Household contracts with flexible family labor to substitute where members weak or ill Light work activities Light work activities Food aid to ill HHs for small home-based projects Food aid to ill HHs for small home-based projects Food, cash, agricultural inputs, where unable to work Food, cash, agricultural inputs, where unable to work Group formation for savings, livelihoods activities Group formation for savings, livelihoods activities Information and communication activities Information and communication activities Organizational dev, mobilization around HIV and AIDS Organizational dev, mobilization around HIV and AIDS

9. Current status Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, interventions provide cash, food, clothing, livelihoods projects, labor-sharing, credit, and other assistance. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, interventions provide cash, food, clothing, livelihoods projects, labor-sharing, credit, and other assistance. However, mostly ad hoc, small-scale, underfunded, and insecure—supported by NGOs, donors, CBOs or FBOs. However, mostly ad hoc, small-scale, underfunded, and insecure—supported by NGOs, donors, CBOs or FBOs. Important but do not represent a coherent social policy. Important but do not represent a coherent social policy. Some regional support for larger programs by international NGOs. Some regional support for larger programs by international NGOs. Some countries have more systematic cash transfer programs of varying reach, established or experimental. Some countries have more systematic cash transfer programs of varying reach, established or experimental. Broader range of options underway, e.g. the National Plans of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. Broader range of options underway, e.g. the National Plans of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. Important time for research Important time for research

10. Broad research themes 1 Cash and/or food/in-kind assistance? Cash and/or food/in-kind assistance? Targeting AIDS and/or targeting poverty? Targeting AIDS and/or targeting poverty? Conditional, unconditional, or ‘linked’? Conditional, unconditional, or ‘linked’? Transfers or livelihoods support? Transfers or livelihoods support? Single or multi-dimensional interventions Single or multi-dimensional interventions Local/flexible or standardized/large-scale? Local/flexible or standardized/large-scale? Roles for government, NGOs, CBOs, agencies Roles for government, NGOs, CBOs, agencies

11. Research themes 2 What types of community change, innovation, adaptation, fragmentation and decline are in process? What types of community change, innovation, adaptation, fragmentation and decline are in process? What determines an effective community response? What determines an effective community response? How can these be scaled up and externally supported without undermining them? How can these be scaled up and externally supported without undermining them?

12. Research themes 3 Identify groups differently affected: Identify groups differently affected: e.g. ill, pregnant, orphaned, elderly, family; neighbors, community workers, men, women, child-headed HHs, street children e.g. ill, pregnant, orphaned, elderly, family; neighbors, community workers, men, women, child-headed HHs, street children Identify relevant interactions, e.g. gender and age; gender and CHH Identify relevant interactions, e.g. gender and age; gender and CHH Identify specific vulnerabilities and relevance to program design Identify specific vulnerabilities and relevance to program design Targeting: Reaching reach poor, AIDS-affected households Targeting: Reaching reach poor, AIDS-affected households E.g. community-based, surveys, demographic, universal/geographic, E.g. community-based, surveys, demographic, universal/geographic, Without stigmatizing; equitably Without stigmatizing; equitably Testing and comparing designs Testing and comparing designs Financing, administration, implementation, training, integration, benefit levels, fit with family and community norms Financing, administration, implementation, training, integration, benefit levels, fit with family and community norms

13. Research themes 4 Impacts and indicators Impacts and indicators Governance and policy processes Governance and policy processes From sectoral compartmentalization, mismatched incentives, and institutional dissonance to partnerships and innovations From sectoral compartmentalization, mismatched incentives, and institutional dissonance to partnerships and innovations Capacity needs and development for scaling up Capacity needs and development for scaling up Sustaining political support Sustaining political support

14. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty Proposed ‘Flagship’ Projects

15. National System of Social Transfers in Zambia Under 5 th National Development Plan: 200,000 households to receive predictable transfers Under 5 th National Development Plan: 200,000 households to receive predictable transfers Ministry of Community Development and Social Services, Dept of Social Welfare, TWG on Social Assistance Ministry of Community Development and Social Services, Dept of Social Welfare, TWG on Social Assistance Partners: GTZ, DFID, Care, Unicef, Irish Aid, WB Partners: GTZ, DFID, Care, Unicef, Irish Aid, WB Testing in five pilot districts Testing in five pilot districts By end of 2008, plan for piloting with 9000+ HHs By end of 2008, plan for piloting with 9000+ HHs 72 districts by 2012 72 districts by 2012

16. Zambia cash transfer study: Research issues Targeting Targeting Implementation structures: roles of govt, NGOs, CBOs Implementation structures: roles of govt, NGOs, CBOs Cash only vs. cash + Cash only vs. cash + Cash and/or food Cash and/or food Capacity needed for scaling up Capacity needed for scaling up Generating political support and other policy processes Generating political support and other policy processes