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4. 4 Brief History of AI Augusta Ada (1815-1852) work on Charles Babbage’s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer. Symbolic AI ANNs 1943 1950s 1956 1960s 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s The beginning of symbolic AI (magnetic mouse & computer chess program) (Shannon, 1950) MP model (McCulloch & Pitts) Other models from MP (hardware / software) Perceptron (Rosenblatt, 1957) Adaline (Widrow, 1962) …… Dartmouth Summer Research Project on AI (McCarthy, Minsky, Shannon, and Rochester) Dark age (1965-1970) Dark age “Perceptron” written by Minsky and shown that the model of perceptron can be used only in linear domains … Renaissance The age of expert systems Age of partnershipsRenaissance of ANN Grossberg et al. (ART1, ART2) Rumelhart et al. (BP) Hecht-Nielsen (Counter-BP) Hinton (Boltzman machine) ….. The age of ANN Commercialization of symbolic AI

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11. 11 Data Information Knowledge Quantity Degree Of Abstraction Abstraction and quantity of data, information, and knowledge  Data are processed and organized as information.  Information is then collected and abstracted as useful resource ( knowledge ) for human beings to solve corresponding problems. Low High

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13. 13 Knowledge Base Knowledge Base Inferencing Capability Inferencing Capability Computer Inputs (Questions, Problems, etc) Outputs (Answers, Alternative Solutions, etc.) Applying AI Concepts with a Computer

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18. 18 Expert Systems Machine Learning (ANN)