1. Implementing Storage Spaces
20410B
Week Objectives
9: Implementing Local Storage
Implementing Storage Spaces
Managing Virtual Networks
Briefly describe the lessons included in this module.

2. Disk Types and Performance
20410B
Disk Types and Performance
9: Implementing Local Storage
As performance increases, so does cost
SSD
SAS
Performance
Slow Slow ~ 150 IOPS ~210 IOPS Fast: 1.5mio IPOS
SCSI
SATA
EIDE
Cost

3. What Is Direct Attached Storage?
20410B
What Is Direct Attached Storage?
9: Implementing Local Storage
DAS disks are physically attached to the server
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Easy to configure
Inexpensive solution
Isolated because it attaches only to a single server
Slower
Server with attached disks

4. What Is Network Attached Storage?
20410B
What Is Network Attached Storage?
9: Implementing Local Storage
NAS is storage that is attached to a dedicated storage device and accessed through network shares
Advantages:
NAS Device
Relatively inexpensive
Easy to configure
Local Area Network (Ethernet)
Disadvantages:
Slower access times
Not an enterprise solution
File-level access
(CIFS, NFS)
NAS offers centralized storage at an affordable price
File Server

5. 20410B
What Is a SAN?
9: Implementing Local Storage
SANs offers higher availability with the most flexibility
Advantages:
Fastest access times
Easily expandable
Centralized storage
High level of redundancy
Servers
Switches
Disadvantages:
More expensive
Requires specialized skills
Storage Devices
SANs can be implemented using Fibre Channel or iSCSI

6. 20410B
What Is RAID?
9: Implementing Local Storage
RAID combines multiple disks into a single logical unit to provide fault tolerance and performance
RAID provides fault tolerance by using:
Disk mirroring
Parity information
RAID can provide performance benefits by spreading disk I/O across multiple disks
RAID can be configured using several different levels
RAID should not replace server backups

7. RAID Levels RAID 1+0 RAID 6 RAID 0 RAID 5 RAID 1
20410B
RAID Levels
9: Implementing Local Storage
Each pair of disks is mirrored, then the mirrored disks
are striped
RAID 1+0
Block level striped set with parity distributed across
all disks
RAID 6
Block level striped set with parity distributed across all disks
RAID 5
Mirrored drives
RAID 1
Striped set without parity or mirroring
RAID 0

8. Selecting a Partition Table Format
9: Implementing Local Storage
MBR
Standard Partition table format since early 1980s
Supports a maximum of 4 primary partitions per drive
Can partition a disk up to 2 TB
GPT
GPT is the successor of MBR partition table format
Supports a maximum of 128 partitions per drive
Can partition a disk up to 18 EB
Use MBR for disks smaller than 2 TB
Use GPT for disks larger than 2 TB

9. Selecting a Disk Type Basic disks are:
9: Implementing Local Storage
Basic disks are:
Disks initialized for basic storage
The default storage for Windows operating system
Dynamic disks can:
Be modified without restarting Windows
Provide several options for configuring volumes
Disk volume requirements include:
A system volume for hardware-specific files that are required to start the server
A boot volume for the Windows operating system files

10. Selecting a File System
20410B
Selecting a File System
9: Implementing Local Storage
When selecting a file system, consider the differences between FAT, NTFS, and ReFS
FAT provides:
Basic file system
Partition size limitations
FAT32 to enable larger disks
exFAT developed for flash drives
NTFS provides:
Metadata
Auditing and journaling
Security (ACLs and encryption)
ReFS provides:
Backward compatibility support for NTFS
Enhanced data verification and error correction
Support for larger files, directories, volumes, etc.

11. 20410B
What Is ReFS?
9: Implementing Local Storage
ReFS is a new file system that is built in to Windows Server Advantages include:
Metadata integrity with checksums
Integrity streams with user data integrity
Allocation on write transactional model
Large volume, file, and directory sizes (2^78 bytes with 16-KB cluster size)
Storage pooling and virtualization
Data striping for performance and redundancy
Disk scrubbing for protection against latent disk errors
Resiliency to corruptions with recovery
Shared storage pools across machines

12. What Are Mount Points and Links?
20410B
What Are Mount Points and Links?
9: Implementing Local Storage
A mount point is a reference to a location on a disk that enables Windows operating system access to disk resources
Use volume mount points:
To mount volumes or disks as folders instead of using drive letters
When you do not have drive letters available for creating new volumes
To add disk space without changing the folder structure
A link file contains a reference to another file or directory
Link options:
Symbolic file link (or, soft link)
Symbolic directory link (or, directory junctions)

13. Extending and Shrinking Volumes
20410B
Extending and Shrinking Volumes
9: Implementing Local Storage
You can resize NTFS volumes from the Windows operating system, beginning with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2003
When you want to resize a disk, consider the following:
You can extend or shrink NTFS volumes
ReFS volumes can only be extended
FAT/FAT32/exFAT cannot be resized
To extend, the free space has to be adjacent
You can shrink a volume only up to immovable files
Bad clusters on a disk will prevent you from shrinking a volume

14. What Is the Storage Spaces Feature?
20410B
What Is the Storage Spaces Feature?
9: Implementing Local Storage
Use storage spaces to add physical disks of any type and size to a storage pool, and then create highly-available virtual disks from the storage pool
Physical Disks
Storage Pool
Virtual Disk
Disk Drive
To create a virtual disk, you need the following:
One or more physical disks
Storage pool that includes the disks
Virtual drives that are created with disks from the storage pool
Disk drives that are based on virtual drives
Virtual drives are not virtual hard disks (VHDs); they should be considered a drive in Disk Manager

15. Advanced Management Options for Storage Spaces
20410B
Advanced Management Options for Storage Spaces
9: Implementing Local Storage
Basic Management for Storage Spaces is available in Server Manager
For disk failure:
Do not use chkdsk or scan disk
Remove the drive and add a new one
Advanced management requires Windows PowerShell
Windows PowerShell cmdlet
Description
Get-StoragePool
List storage pools
Repair-VirtualDisk
Repair a virtual disk
Get-PhysicalDisk | Where{$_.HealthStatus -ne “Healthy”}
List unhealthy physical disks
Reset-PhysicalDisk
Remove a physical disk from a storage pool
Get-VirtualDisk | Get-PhysicalDisk
List physical disks used for a virtual disk

16. Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
20410B
Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Benefits of server virtualization with Hyper-V:
Invisible to users
Guest machines can use different operating systems
More efficient use of hardware
Service and application isolation
Workload consolidation
Simplifies server deployment
Virtual machine templates
Virtual machine self-service portals

17. 20410B
What Is Windows Azure?
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Windows Azure is a cloud-based platform for hosting virtual machines and applications
You pay only for the resources that you use
You can increase and decrease capacity automatically and swiftly
You can use Windows Azure to:
Host websites
Host production applications
Host virtual machines
Test proof-of-concept solutions

18. Desktop Virtualization
20410B
Desktop Virtualization
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Desktop virtualization includes the following technologies:
Client (Local) Hyper-V
VDI

19. Presentation Virtualization
20410B
Presentation Virtualization
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Differences between desktop virtualization and presentation virtualization
Desktop virtualization
Presentation virtualization
Users are assigned their own virtual machines that are running a client operating system
Users log on and run separate sessions on the server
The desktop and applications run within virtual machines
The desktop and applications run on the host server
Presentation virtualization technologies include:
Remote Desktop Services
Full Desktop with RDC
Applications using RemoteApp
Remote Access through RD Gateway

20. What is Microsoft Application Virtualization?
20410B
What is Microsoft Application Virtualization?
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Benefits of App-V
Application isolation
Incompatible applications can run on the same server
Application streaming
Application deployment is quicker
Application portability
Applications can follow users across multiple computers
UE-V
Application and operating system settings follow users across multiple computers

21. Compatible Windows Server operating systems
What is Hyper-V?
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Hyper-V
Is the hardware virtualization role in Windows Server 2012
Gives virtual machine guests direct access to the host's hardware
Compatible Windows Server operating systems
Windows Server 2012
Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012

22. Hardware Requirements for Hyper-V
20410B
Hardware Requirements for Hyper-V
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Factors to consider when planning hardware for servers running Hyper-V:
Processor characteristics
Must have an x64 platform that supports hardware assisted virtualization and Data Execution Protection
Processing capacity
Memory
Storage subsystem performance
Network throughput (typically multiple NICs)

23. Virtual Machine Hardware
20410B
Virtual Machine Hardware
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Virtual machines have the following simulated hardware by default:
BIOS
Memory
Processor
IDE Controller 0 and 1
SCSI Controller
Synthetic Network Adapter
COM 1 and 2
Diskette Drive
You can add the following hardware to a virtual machine:
SCSI Controller (up to 4)
Network Adapter
Legacy Network Adapter
Fibre Channel adapter
RemoteFX 3D video adapter

24. Configuring Dynamic Memory
20410B
Configuring Dynamic Memory
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Dynamic Memory settings for a virtual machine:
Startup RAM
Dynamic Memory
Minimum RAM
Maximum RAM
Memory buffer
Memory weight

25. Configuring Virtual Machine Integration Services
20410B
Configuring Virtual Machine Integration Services
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Possible integration services:
Operating system shutdown
Time synchronization
Data exchange
Heartbeat
Backup (volume snapshot)

26. Configuring Virtual Machine Start and Stop Actions
20410B
Configuring Virtual Machine Start and Stop Actions
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Possible automatic start actions:
Nothing
Automatically start if it was running when the service stopped
Always start this virtual machine automatically
Possible automatic stop actions:
Save the virtual machine state
Turn off the virtual machine
Shut down the guest operating system

27. Hyper-V Resource Metering
20410B
Hyper-V Resource Metering
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Parameters that you can measure with resource metering:
Average CPU use
Average physical memory use, including:
Minimum memory use
Maximum memory use
Maximum disk space allocation
Incoming network traffic for a network adapter
Outgoing network traffic for a network adapter

28. VHDX format has the following benefits over the VHD format:
What Is a VHD?
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
A virtual hard disk is a file that represents a traditional hard disk drive
VHDX format has the following benefits over the VHD format:
The disks can be larger (64 TB versus 2 TB)
The disk is less likely to become corrupted
The format supports better alignment when deployed to a large sector disk
The format supports larger block size for dynamic and differencing disks

29. Creating Virtual Disk Types
20410B
Creating Virtual Disk Types
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Dynamically expanding VHDs
Fixed-size VHDs
Direct-attached storage

30. Virtual Disk Configuration Options
20410B
Virtual Disk Configuration Options
9: Implementing Local Storage
Feature
Options
Storage Layout
Simple
Two-way or three-way mirror
Parity
Disk sector size
512 or 512e
Drive allocation
Data store
Manual
Hot Spare
Provisioning schemes
Thin vs. fixed provisioning

31. Potential maintenance operations on virtual hard disks:
20410B
Managing VHDs
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Potential maintenance operations on virtual hard disks:
Convert from fixed to dynamic
Convert from dynamic to fixed
Convert from VHD to VHDX format
Convert from VHDX to VHD format
Shrink a dynamic virtual hard disk
Expand a dynamic or fixed virtual hard disk

32. Reducing Storage Needs with Differencing VHDs
20410B
Reducing Storage Needs with Differencing VHDs
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Differencing disks reduce space used by storage at the cost of performance
You can link multiple differencing disks to a single parent disk
You cannot modify parent disk
You can use Inspect Disk tool to reconnect a differencing disk to a missing parent

33. Using Snapshots Point-in-time copy of a virtual machine
20410B
Using Snapshots
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Point-in-time copy of a virtual machine
Does not affect running state of a virtual machine
Snapshot files:
Virtual machine configuration .xml file
Saved-state files
Differencing disk (.avhd)

34. What Is a Virtual Switch?
20410B
What Is a Virtual Switch?
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 supports three different types of virtual switches:
External
Used to map a network to a specific network adapter or network adapter team
Internal
Used to communicate between the virtual machines on the host and between the virtual machines and the host itself
Private
Used to communicate between virtual machines, but not between the virtual machines and the host itself
VLAN IDs
Used to extend VLANs within the host's network switch to VLANS on the external network

35. Hyper-V Network Virtualization
20410B
Hyper-V Network Virtualization
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Blue virtual machine
Red virtual machine
Physical server
Blue network
Red network
Physical network
Servers
Top of rack switches
Virtualization
Server virtualization
Runs multiple virtual servers on a physical server
Each virtual server operates as if it is running as a physical server
Network virtualization
Runs multiple virtual networks on a physical network
Each virtual network operates as if it is running as a physical network

36. Managing Virtual Machine MAC Addresses
20410B
Managing Virtual Machine MAC Addresses
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Virtual Switch Manager Window

37. Configuring Virtual Network Adapters
20410B
Configuring Virtual Network Adapters
13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Properties of a network adapter:
Virtual Switch
VLAN ID
Bandwidth Management
Advanced features of a network adapter:
MAC address allocation
DHCP Guard
Router Guard
Hardware acceleration features of synthetic network adapters
Virtual Machine Queue
IPsec task offloading
SR-IOV
Port Mirroring
NIC Teaming