Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Powders and Granules Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Powders and Granules Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya."— Presentation transcript:

1 Powders and Granules Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya. E-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com 2014/06/081 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

2 CONTENTS 1.Definition, advantages, size shape, storage. 2.Hard gelatin capsules (shell manufacture filling). 3.Soft gelatin capsules (manufacturing and filling). 4.Sustained release and enteric coated capsules. 5.Formulation factors affecting bioavailability. 6.Microencapsulation (Introduction, advantages). 7.Coacervation phase separation technique. 8.Pan coating, electrostatic deposition, spry drying. 9.References. 2014/06/082 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

3 Definition of Powders A pharmaceutical powder is a mixture of finely divided drug and/or chemicals in dry form. Powders are solid dosage form of medicament which are meant for internal and external use. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form. The particle size of powder plays an important role in physical, chemical and biological properties of the dosage forms. 2014/06/083 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

4 Definition of Granules Granulation is the process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form larger, multiparticle entities called granules. Pharmaceutical granules typically have a size range between 0.2 and 0.4 mm, depending on their subsequent use. In the majority of cases this will be in the production of tablets or capsules, when granules will be made as an intermediate product and have a typical size range between 0.2 and 0.5 mm. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 4

5 Advantages of Powders and Granules Solid preparations are more chemically stable than liquid ones. Powders and granules are a convenient form in which to dispense drugs with a large dose. Orally administered powders and granules of soluble medicaments have a faster dissolution rate than tablets or capsules, as these must first disintegrate before the drug dissolves. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 5

6 Particle Size Powders and Granules Particle size is characterized using these terms : i.Very coarse (#8) ii.Coarse (#20) iii.Moderately coarse (#40) iv.Fine (#60) v.Very fine (#80) 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 6

7 Particle Shape Powders and Granules 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 7

8 Different shapes of crystals 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 8

9 Hard gelatin capsules (shell manufacture filling) These are used for administration of solid medicaments. The capsule shell is prepared from gelatin, colour and titanium dioxide to make it opaque. It consists of two parts i.e. body and cap. The powdered material is filled into the cylindrical body of the capsule and then the cap is placed over it. The empty capsules are available in various sizes. They are numbered according to the capacity of the capsules. The number starts from 000 and goes up to 5. 2014/06/089 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

10 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 10 Capsule numberApproximate capacity in mg 000950 00650 0450 1300 2250 3200 4150 5100 Hard gelatin capsules (shell manufacture filling)

11 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 11 Hard gelatin capsules (shell manufacture filling)

12 The capsules can be filled either by hand or by a semi- automatic device or by an automatic filling machine. Capsule filling machine (Hand operated) It consists of:- 1.A bed having 200-300 holes 2.A loading tray having 200-300 holes 3.A powder tray 4.A pin plate having 200-300 pins 5.A sealing plate having a rubber top 6.A lever 7.A cam handle 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 12 Methods of filling the hard gelatin capsules

13 Soft gelatin capsules (manufacturing and filling) These are used for administration of liquid medicaments. Soft gelatin capsules are available in round, oval and tube like shapes. They are made from gelatin. The gelatin is plasticized by the addition of glycerin and sorbitol etc. The soft gelatin shell may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of fungi. They are used to enclose liquid medicaments-oils, suspensions, food concentrates and ophthalmic products. 2014/06/0813 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

14 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 14 Soft gelatin capsules (manufacturing and filling)

15 Soft gelatin capsules are generally filled mechanically. The manufacturing of the capsule shell and the filling of the medicament take place simultaneously. Nowadays, a rotary machine is used for this purpose. Rotary die machine, the soft gelatin capsules are prepared and then filled immediately with the liquid medicaments. The machine consists of two hoppers. Liquid gelatin mixture is placed in one hopper and the liquid medicament in the other hopper. There are two rotating dies which rotate in opposite directions. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 15 Method of filling of soft gelatin capsules

16 Sustained release capsules In order to maintain a proper blood concentration of the medicament and reducing the number of doses per day, a capsule, containing numerous coated pellets, is administered that release the drug successively over a long period. The finely powdered drug is first converted into pellets. These pellets are treated with protective coatings that delay the release of the drug. The batches of pellets are mixed thoroughly and suitable doses are filled into capsules. 2014/06/0816 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

17 Enteric coated capsules These capsules do not disintegrate in the stomach (acid medium) but break-up in the intestine (alkaline medium). A special type of treatment or coating is given to the capsules so that these can pass unchanged through the stomach but get disintegrated in the intestine. On a commercial scale, a coating of cellacephate (cellulose acetate phthalate) and mixtures of waxes with fatty acids or their esters is given. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 17

18 The following categories of drugs need enteric coatings. 1.Drugs which cause irritation to the gastric mucosa and lead to nausea and vomiting. 2.Drugs which are destroyed by the gastric juices. 3.Drugs which are specially intended to act in the intestine e.g. amoebicides and anthelminitics. 4.Drugs which are required to produce a delayed action. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 18 Enteric coated capsules

19 Formulation factors affecting bioavailability The types of dosage form and its method of preparation or manufacture can influence bioavailability. Particular drug is incorporated and administered in the form of a solution, a suspension or solid dosage form can influence its rate and/or extent of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The type of oral dosage form will influence the number of possible intervening steps between administration and the appearance of dissolved drug in the gastrointestinal fluids. Types of dosage form: aqueous solution > aqueous suspensions > solid dosage forms (e.g. hard gelatin capsules or tablets). 2014/06/0819 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

20 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 20 Formulation factors affecting bioavailability

21 Microencapsulation (Introduction) Microencapsulation is a process or technique by which thin coating can be applied to small particles of solids, droplets of liquids or dispersion, thus forming microcapsules. The microcapsules may consist of a single particle or clusters of particles. It differs from other coating methods because microencapsulation process is used to coat the particles having a particle size range from several tenths of a micro to 5000 . 2014/06/0821 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

22 Advantages of Microencapsulation Process 1.It is used for masking the taste of bitter drugs. 2.It is used for preparing prolonged action dosage form 3.It is used in modifying the physical characters of a material required in certain formulations 4.The technique is used to separate an incompatible material 5.It is used to protect chemicals against moisture and oxidation. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 22 Microencapsulation (advantages)

23 Coacervation phase separation technique Coacervation means the separation of a liquid or phase when solution of two hydrophilic colloids are mixed under suitable conditions. In this method, the three immiscible phases of core material, solvent and coating material are formed followed by deposition of coating material on the core. The coating material is dissolved in a suitable solvent and the core material is uniformly dispersed in the solution of the coating material. Then the coating material is phased out of its solution which starts getting deposited on the particles of the core material. 2014/06/0823 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

24 Pan coating In this technique the coating is done in a pan made up of copper or stainless steel. The pan is rotated with the help of an electric motor. The tablets to be coated are placed in the pan. Hot air is blown in, speed of the pan is adjusted in such a way that the tablet remain separated from each other in the pan. After coating, polishing is done in a polishing pan, pan coating technique is used for sugar coating, film coating and enteric coating. 2014/06/0824 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

25 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 25 Pan coating

26 Electrostatic deposition The method is useful both for solid particles and liquid droplets. In this process, the core and coating materials are electrically charged by means of high voltage such as 10, 000 volts etc. The core is charged and placed in the coating chamber. The coating material is also charged before it is sprayed as a mist. Because the charges are of opposite kind, the coating material gets deposited on the core due to electrostatic attraction. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 26

27 Spry drying The spray drying provides a large surface area for heat and mass transfer by atomizing the liquid to small droplets. Sprayed into a stream of hot air, so that each droplet dries to an individual solid particle. Spry drying ensures good air circulation, facilitates heat and mass transfer and encourages the separation of dried particles from the moving air by the centrifugal action. The character of the particles is controlled by the droplet size, and so the type of atomizer is important. 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 27

28 Spry drying 2014/06/08 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 28

29 THANK YOU e-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com 2014/06/0829 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.


Download ppt "Powders and Granules Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google