1. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIT

2. CHAPTER IV COMPONENTS of A REPORT OUTLINE Body Discussion of findings Summary Conclusions Recommendations - Tips for visuals - Tips for headings

3. 2. BODY OF REPORT Discussion of Findings This is the main section of the report. It contains numerous headings and subheadings. This section discusses, analyzes, interprets, and evaluates the research findings or solutions to the initial problem. It is unnecessary to use the title Discussion of Findings. You may organize the findings chronologically, geographically, topically, or by some other method. Avoid using I, we etc. Include tables, charts etc. COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

4. 2. BODY OF REPORT Summary A summary reviews the main points of the report. The summary also can prepare the readers for your conclusions and recommendations. A review of the main points can be especially useful in a long report that asks readers to recall a lot of information.

5. 2. BODY OF REPORT Conclusions The conclusion to a report tells what the findings mean, particularly in terms of solving the original problem. Conclusions answer the research question. If the report analyzes research findings, then it ends with conclusions drawn from the analyses. Conclusions go a step beyond summary because it requires evaluation and interpretation. COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

6. 2. BODY OF REPORT Recommendations This advises what should be done based on the conclusions. If a report aims to determine a course of action, it may end with conclusions and recommendations. Recommendations may be placed in a separate section or be grouped wih the conclusions. Managerial reports usually contain recommendations. The recommendations part does not provide much explanation because that has already been provided in conclusions. See the sample body of report on pages 75-79, COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

7. 1.Tables They give detailed information and include a detailed heading system. They include the following items: Table Number Title Units of measure Row Headings / Column Headings Data Footnotes Source 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 81 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

8. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 81 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

9. 1.Tables Tables with text Compared with paragraphs, tables can present many kinds of textual information; thus, it is easier for the reader to understand. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 82 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

10. 1.Tables Tables with text 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 82 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

11. Tips for creating tables: Use extra space or horizontal lines to seperate the rows. Make key info stand out with bold, color, highlighting. Sort row and column headings (group related items under a common heading). Avoid too large tables ( include only necesary info / if still large, divide it into 2 or more seperate parts. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 82 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

12. 2. Line Graph Use: To show trends and cycles To show the relationship between 2 or more variables. Key concepts: Figure Number Title Source Axis : X- axis & Y-axis Data Points 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 83 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

13. 2. Line Graph 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 83 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

14. 2. Line Graph 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 87 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

15. Tips for Creating Line Graphs Use different colors to enable the readers distinguish among the lines. If you cannot use colors, use different dashes for each. If possible begin lines at zero to avoid misleading readers. If it is not practical to start the lines at zero, use hash marks to signal this. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 84 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

16. 3. Bar graphs Use: to help your readers compare quantities and see the trends at a glance. Key concepts: Figure Number Title Source Axis : Y-axis Labels for bars 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 85 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

17. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 85 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

18. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 86 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

19. Tips for Creating Bar Graphs Arrange bars in the order that your readers will find most helpful. Alternatives include arranging them alphabetically, chronologically, or from longest to shortest. If possible begin bars at zero to avoid misleading readers. If it is not practical to start the bars at zero, use hash marks to signal this. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 86 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

20. 4. Pie Charts Use: to show the composition of a whole Key concepts: Figure Number Figure Title Wedges Explanation 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 87 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

21. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 87 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

22. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 88 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

23. Tips for Creating Pie Charts Be sure that your wedges add up to 100 % Limit the number of wedges to 8 or fewer. Create an “Other” wedge if you have several small quantities. Include a footnote to explain what is involved in “Other” category. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 88 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

24. 5. Flowcharts Use: to help your readers understand the steps in a process or procedure Key concepts: Figure Number Figure Title Labels Symbols / Drawings Arrows 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 89 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

25. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 89 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

26. 6. Organizational Charts Use: to help your readers understand the scope and arrangement of an organization to help the readers understand the formal lines of authority and responsibility in an organization. Key concepts: Figure Number Figure Title Boxes Arrows 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 90 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

27. 2. BODY OF REPORT – APPENDIX E, p. 90 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

28. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 90 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

29. General Guidelines for Visuals: Use tables, charts, and photos to make your report easier to understand. Use at least three visuals in your report for this course. Write 3 pieces of information for each visual: Visual number, name, and source. Do not present the source information for screenshots. Throughout the report, refer to the visuals and explain them. (Eg: As you can see from the table below,... ) Don not use visuals in the introduction part. You can use visuals in the other parts of the body of the report. A page can not start with a visual. You should have at least 2 lines before a visual. A visual can not cover one page. It can be half a page at most. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 90 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

30. Analyze the visual here: 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR VISUALS, p. 90 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT Figure 4: Android VS iOS Popularity Source: http://eurodroid.com/2010/08/05/report-android-to-be-global-smartphone-os-leader-by-2012/ Figure 4 shows Android vs iOS popularity. Dark blue is iOS and light blue is Android.

31. General Guidelines for Headings: Use headings to show the division of major sections and subsections. Don’t use too many headings (2-3 per page is enough). Name the headings in a parallel structure. Make headings more specific (Instead of «Technical Information», use «Physics of Fiber Optics»). Omit articles from the beginnings of headings(Instead of «he Pressurize Water Reactor», use «Pressurized Water Reactors») Avoid stacked headings (two consecutive headings without a text between them) Avoid pronoun reference to headings (Heading: Torque Paragraph: This is a physics principle). Avoid widowed headings (Do not end a page with a heading, use at least two lines before the text) 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR HEADINGS, p. 92 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

32. First-Level Headings: 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR HEADINGS, p. 92 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

33. Second-Level Headings: 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR HEADINGS, p. 93 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

34. Third-Level Headings: 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR HEADINGS, p. 93 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

35. Specific Format and Style: For this project, you are going to use a format for headings, but this is not the only «right» style. The most important principle is decreasing noticibility of headings (top level- largest and darkest) 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR HEADINGS, p. 93 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

36. Task: Analyze the sample headings on page 94. Study the heading problems on page 95. Do the headings quiz on pages 96 & 97. 2. BODY OF REPORT –TIPS FOR HEADINGS, p. 93 COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

37. Body Rating Scale for Body - Page 8 Sample Student Portfolio - Body - Page 120 Topic: Choosing the Best Franchising Opportunity: Comparisons Between Starbucks and Kahve Dünyası Are there any problems with the sample on page 120? Visuals No visuals Headings Numbering: 2.1. Starbucks etc. First levels: flushed left Second-levels: placed on the left margin Third levels: Sentence style caps COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

38. Body Sample Student Portfolio - Body Part of the Final - Page 132 Visuals? Figure 7: source info shouldn’t be on the next page Sample Student Project- Body Part of the Final - Page 153 Visuals? Figure 1: no visuals in the introduction part. Figure 2, 3 & 6: a page can’t start with a visual. Figure 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 &9: you can’t give source info for screenshots. Page 13: a page can’t be composed of visuals only. All figures: you should refer to the visuals (As you can see from figure 1) COMPONENTS OF A REPORT

39. Draft 1 will not be graded. Students will not write draft 2. Task 5’s body will be graded as draft 2. Students will bring the visuals and the resources that they will use in their reports. Students will bring a copy of the student assignment sheet on page 12. PORTFOLIO TASK 4: BODY (in-class) NEXT WEEK

40. You will upload your portfolio on week 14 to the turnitin website to check for plagiarism. Otherwise, your instructor will not grade your task 4 & 5. Get a turnitin membership and register to my class. Here’s the information you will need to register to my class: Class no: Password: TURNITIN REMINDER