1. Towards an International Linear Collider Barry Barish Caltech / GDE 25-July-07

2. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 2 ILC -- Caltech

3. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 3 Exploring the Terascale the tools The LHC –It will lead the way and has large reach –Quark-quark, quark-gluon and gluon-gluon collisions at 0.5 - 5 TeV –Broadband initial state The ILC –A second view with high precision –Electron-positron collisions with fixed energies, adjustable between 0.1 and 1.0 TeV –Well defined initial state Together, these are our tools for the terascale

4. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 4 LHC: Low mass Higgs: H    M H < 150 GeV/c 2  Rare decay channel: BR~10 -3  Requires excellent electromagnetic calorimeter performance  acceptance, energy and angle resolution,  g/jet and g/p 0 separation  Motivation for LAr/PbWO 4 calorimeters for CMS  Resolution at 100 GeV:  1 GeV  Background large: S/B  1:20, but can estimate from non signal areas CMS

5. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 5 ILC: Precision Higgs physics  Model-independent Studies mass absolute branching ratios total width spin top Yukawa coupling self coupling  Precision Measurements Garcia-Abia et al

6. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 6 The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold Is it really the Higgs ? Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero !

7. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 7 Higgs Couplings at the ILC Mass (GeV) Higgs Coupling strength is proportional to Mass

8. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 8 e + e - : Studying the Higgs determine the underlying model SM 2HDM/MSSM Yamashita et al Zivkovic et al

9. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 9 Parameters for the ILC E cm adjustable from 200 – 500 GeV Luminosity  ∫ Ldt = 500 fb -1 in 4 years Ability to scan between 200 and 500 GeV Energy stability and precision below 0.1% Electron polarization of at least 80% The machine must be upgradeable to 1 TeV

10. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 10 Designing a Linear Collider Superconducting RF Main Linac

11. The GDE Plan and Schedule 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Global Design EffortProject Baseline configuration Reference Design ILC R&D Program Engineering Design Expression of Interest to Host International Mgmt LHC Physics

12. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 12 RDR Design Parameters Max. Center-of-mass energy500GeV Peak Luminosity~2x10 34 1/cm 2 s Beam Current9.0mA Repetition rate5Hz Average accelerating gradient31.5MV/m Beam pulse length0.95ms Total Site Length31km Total AC Power Consumption~230MW

13. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 13 –11km SC linacs operating at 31.5 MV/m for 500 GeV –Centralized injector Circular damping rings for electrons and positrons Undulator-based positron source –Single IR with 14 mrad crossing angle –Dual tunnel configuration for safety and availability RDR ILC Schematic

14. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 14 RDR Design & “Value” Costs Summary RDR “Value” Costs Total Value Cost (FY07) 4.80 B ILC Units Shared + 1.82 B Units Site Specific + 14.1 K person-years (“explicit” labor = 24.0 M person-hrs @ 1,700 hrs/yr) 1 ILC Unit = $ 1 (2007) The reference design was “frozen” as of 1-Dec-06 for the purpose of producing the RDR, including costs. It is important to recognize this is a snapshot and the design will continue to evolve, due to results of the R&D, accelerator studies and value engineering The value costs have already been reviewed twice 3 day “internal review” in Dec ILCSC MAC review in Jan Σ Value = 6.62 B ILC Units

15. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 15 Reference Design and Plan Producing Cavities Cavity Shape Obtaining Gradient single cells

16. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 16 4 th generation prototype ILC cryomodule Cryomodules TESLA cryomodule

17. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 17 The Main Linac Costs have been estimated regionally and can be compared. –Understanding differences require detail comparisons – industrial experience, differences in design or technical specifications, labor rates, assumptions regarding quantity discounts, etc.

18. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 18 –Three RF/cable penetrations every rf unit –Safety crossovers every 500 m –34 kV power distribution Main Linac Double Tunnel

19. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 19 Conventional Facilities 72.5 km tunnels ~ 100-150 meters underground 13 major shafts > 9 meter diameter 443 K cu. m. underground excavation: caverns, alcoves, halls 92 surface “buildings”, 52.7 K sq. meters = 567 K sq-ft total

20. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 20 Reference Design and Plan Making Positrons 6km Damping Ring 10MW Klystrons Beam Delivery and Interaction Point

21. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 21 Assessing the RDR Reviews (5 major international reviews + regional) –The Design: “The MAC applauds that considerable evolution of the design was achieved … the performance driven baseline configuration was successfully converted into a cost conscious design.” –The R&D Plan: “The committee endorses the approach of collecting R&D items as proposed by the collaborators, categorizing them, prioritizing them, and seeking contact with funding agencies to provide guidelines for funding. –International Cost Review (Orsay): Supported the costing methodology; considered the costing conservative in that they identify opportunities for cost savings; etc. Final Steps –The final versions of Executive Summary, Reference Design Report and Companion Document were submitted to FALC (July), and finally will be given to ILCSC and ICFA (August).

22. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 22 Schedule for the ILC? Our technically driven timeline is –Construction proposal in 2010 –Construction start in 2012 –Construction complete in 2019 “Completing the R&D and engineering design, negotiating an international structure, selecting a site, obtaining firm financial commitments, and building a machine could take us well into the mid-2020s, if not later,”

23. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 23 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD Construction  Startup 2006201020142018 RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design

24. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 24 Civil Construction Timeline

25. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 25 CMS assembly approach: Assembled on the surface in parallel with underground work Allows pre-commissioning before lowering Lowering using dedicated heavy lifting equipment Potential for big time saving Reduces size of required underground hall On-surface Detector Assembly CMS approach

26. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 26 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions require ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed 2006201020142018 RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select

27. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 27 Situation : in solid rock, close to existing institute, close to the city of Chicago and international airport, close to railway and highway networks. Geology : Glacially derived deposits overlaying Bedrock. The concerned rock layers are from top to bottom the Silurian dolomite, Maquoketa dolomitic shale, and the Galena- Platteville dolomites. Depth of main tunnels : Average ~ 135 m Americas Fermilab Sample Site

28. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 28 ~ 5.5 km Central Area fits inside the Fermilab boundary Site Characterization of the Central Area can be done ~ Boundary of Fermilab Preconstruction Plan: Fermilab

29. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 29 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed 2006201020142018 RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select R & D -- Industrialization

30. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 30 The Task Forces The Task Forces were put together successively over a period of five months:  S0/S1-Cavities, Cryomodule  S2 -Cryomodule String Tests  S3 -Damping Rings  S4 -Beam Delivery System  S5-Positron Source S6-Controls, not yet active S7-RF Working in close collaboration with the Engineering and Risk Assessment team.

31. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 31 Module Test – Results DESY

32. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 32 E Cloud – Results SLAC

33. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 33 Schedule in Graphical Form 2009201220152018 Construction Schedule Cryomodule Production RF System Tests

34. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 34 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed 2006201020142018 RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select R & D -- Industrialization Gradient e-Cloud Cryomodule Full Production System Tests & XFEL Detector Install Detector Construct

35. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 35 Detector Concepts

36. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 36 Detector Performance Goals

37. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 37 Detector Performance Goals

38. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 38 Detector Performance Goals ILC detector performance requirements and comparison to the LHC detectors: ○ Inner vertex layer ~ 3-6 times closer to IP ○ Vertex pixel size ~ 30 times smaller ○ Vertex detector layer ~ 30 times thinner Impact param resolution Δd = 5 [μm] + 10 [μm] / (p[GeV] sin 3/2θ) ○ Material in the tracker ~ 30 times less ○ Track momentum resolution ~ 10 times better Momentum resolution Δp / p 2 = 5 x 10 -5 [GeV -1 ] central region Δp / p 2 = 3 x 10 -5 [GeV -1 ] forward region ○ Granularity of EM calorimeter ~ 200 times better Jet energy resolution ΔE jet / E jet = 0.3 /√E jet Forward Hermeticity down to θ = 5-10 [mrad]

39. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 39 detector B may be accessible during run accessible during run Platform for electronic and services (~10*8*8m). Shielded (~0.5m of concrete) from five sides. Moves with detector. Also provide vibration isolation. Concept of IR hall with two detectors The concept is evolving and details being worked out detector A

40. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 40 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed 2006201020142018 RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select R & D -- Industrialization Gradient e-Cloud Cryomodule Full Production System Tests & XFEL Detector Install Detector Construct Pre-Operations

41. 25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 41 Conclusions The ILC design is proceeding toward an engineering design by 2010. (Goal: Ready to propose construction when LHC results justify). R&D program is being globally coordinated to determine gradient, electron cloud, industrialization, mass production. (Resources are regional, by country and laboratory). Detector R&D also very important to be able to fully exploit the ILC (e.g. spatial & energy resolution) (Needs improved coordination, better regional balance). Caltech effort is myself + some student projects. But, we are in excellent position to ramp up as desired and the when time is right.