1. CP BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 13

2. 13.1 What is biotechnology?
The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans

3. 13.1 Biologists Manipulate DNA
Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of organisms.
We called this act of manipulation DNA technology.

4. 13.1 Bacteria – Commonly used in Biotechnology
* because they can acquire new genes in many ways!
1. Tunnel-like structure forms between 2 bacteria so DNA can be passed-Conjugation
2. Transformation – bacteria can “take up” free floating DNA into their own DNA
3. Viruses can carry bacterial genes from one bacteria to another- transduction.

5. 13.1 Recombinant DNA Technology
Definition - technology involving the combining of DNA and/or genes from different sources (even genes from different species).
Uses of DNA technology:
Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)
Make medicine in large quantities
Help us understand specifically how gene sequences work

6. 13.2 Engineering Bacteria Bacteria contain plasmids
Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome.
Plasmids carry genes

7. 13.2 Plasmids
Scientists can manipulate plasmids to make them useful to us and Bacteria can transfer plasmids!!
Example:
Insert a gene to make a medicine into a plasmid
Put the plasmid into bacteria
When the bacteria reproduce they make many copies of the medicine!

8. Process of Making Recombinant Bacterial Cell

9. 13.2 How Do They Do It??? Cut Paste Put the plasmid into a bacterium
Restriction Enzyme=scissors
Cut
Use restriction enzymes to cut the desired DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome
Paste
Put the desired DNA/gene fragment into a plasmid
Put the plasmid into a bacterium
As the bacterium reproduces it makes many copies of the desired gene!! (Page 270 Case Study)

10. 13.2 Genomic Library & Nucleic Acid Probes
Genomic Library: the complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism
Nucleic Acid Probe: complimentary nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope used to “tag” single strand of a DNA sequence of choice.

11. 13.2 FYI: Useful Products Using Genetic Engineering
Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous spills and toxic waste sites
Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like pesticides and therapeutic drugs
Pigs & Cattle make human insulin hormone in their milk for people with diabetes
Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop Vaccines – Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)

12. 13.3 Genetically Modified Organisms
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired any genes artificially.
If a species is called TRANSGENIC if it has foreign genetic material from a different species.

13. 13.3 Genetically Modified Plants

14. Do you eat genetically modified organisms?
YES NO

15. Just a few…GMO FOODS Honey Cotton Tomatoes Corn Vegetable Oil Peas
Potatoes

16. Warm-Up - In Groups…
½ the class will use their books to compile a list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of using genetically modified organisms (plants and animals)
½ the class will use their books to make a list of negative or unwanted reasons to use genetically modified organisms.

17. Here’s what YOU think…

18. 13.3 Genetically Modified Plants
Over 50% of soybean and corn crops were genetically modified in some way!
Most common genetic modifications:
Genes for herbicide resistance
Genes to resist insect and fungi pests

19. 13.3 Genetically Modified Animals
Goals for GMO animals…
Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin)
Get animals to market quicker (salmon)
Breed animals with better quality products (sheep wool)
FUN!! $$$$$$$

20. Few more examples…

21. GMO food can pose unknown health risk…request strict labeling laws
13.3 The GMO Controversy
Although studies to date have shown that eating genetically modified foods have no negative health affects…people continue to demand stricter regulations.
Major Concern:
GMO food can pose unknown health risk…request strict labeling laws
**”ORGANIC CRAZE”**

22. 13.3 GMO Controversy

23. 13.4 DNA Tech Has Many Applications
PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction technique can mass produce specific sequences of DNA without the use of living cells
Takes less time than use of living cells
Requires less amount of desired DNA initially
Used for cloning rare DNA & ID small amounts of infectious DNA (AIDS)
Thermocycler- machine used for PCR

24. 13.4 PCR Technique “make a lot of DNA” from a small sample
Page 278 figure 13-15

25. 13.4 Gel Electrophoresis
Used when you want to compare DNA from different sources.
Produces “banding patterns” which can be compared and analyzed.

26. 13.4 Comparing DNA: How it works! (Pg 279)
1.Different DNA samples are cut into “fragments” by restriction enzymes
Smaller DNA fragments move further
Each sample produces different banding patterns in the gel so they are easily compared
2.DNA “fragments” move through gel using electric current.

27. 13.4 Comparing DNA: Genetic Markers
Genetic Markers: are particular streches of DN that are variable among individuals.
Can be used to ID carriers of certain diseases

28. 13.4 Comparing DNA: DNA Fingerprint
Just like every person has their own unique fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding pattern produced by their restriction fragments in gel electrophoresis.
97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is extremely different from any other persons “junk” DNA.
Forensics!!

29. 13.4 Who committed the crime?
Suspect #
Bloodstain evidence from crime scene!
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, a DNA fingerprint can be made from a single drop of blood or from a hair follicle.
DNA is extracted from a small sample and multiple copies are made using PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of unique genetic markers are compared

30. 13.5 Stem Cells and Homeotic Genes
Stem cells – cells (early in development) that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to be any type of cell.
Homeotic Genes – genes that control development of specific locations in organisms.

31. Cloning To make a clone: A donor cell is fused with an egg cell
The fused cell begins to divide normally to form an embryo
Embryo is placed in uterus of foster mom
Clone is born

32. Cloning