1. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 9 Quantitative Research Design

2. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Many qualitative nursing studies aim to elucidate cause- and-effect relationships.

3. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Many quantitative not qualitative nursing studies aim to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships.

4. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Counterfactual is what would have happened to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the causal factor.

5. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Counterfactual is what would have happened to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the causal factor.

6. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Counterfactual Method The counterfactual is what would have happened to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the causal factor. Effect represents the difference between the two.

7. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Causality The Counterfactual Method Criteria for Causality—Lazarsfeld (1955) 1. Temporal 2. Empirical relationship 3. Relationship cannot be explained as being caused by a third variable

8. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Experiments or Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Properties 1.Manipulation 2.Control 3.Randomization

9. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Manipulation Doing something to study participants Experimenter manipulates the independent variable by administering a treatment (intervention) to some subjects and withholding it from others, or by administering some other treatment

10. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Control Group Researchers can expose the control group to various conditions: – No treatment – Alternative treatment – Placebo – Standard treatment – Different doses of the treatment – Wait list

11. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Randomization (Random Assignment, Random Allocation) Involves placing subjects into treatment conditions at random Approximates the ideal—but impossible— counterfactual of having the same people in multiple treatment groups simultaneously Basic randomization

12. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Some studies involve patient-centered interventions that are tailored to meet individual needs or characteristics.

13. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Everyone in the experimental group usually gets the same intervention as delineated in formal protocols, but some studies involve patient-centered interventions (PCIs) that are tailored to meet individual needs or characteristics.

14. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Control Groups No treatment Placebo Standard treatment Attention control Wait list

15. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Small Table of Random Digits

16. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Example of Random Assignment Procedure

17. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Breakdown of the Gender Composition of the Three Groups

18. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Stratification Divided into groups before randomized Permuted block randomization

19. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Blinding Single-blind studies Double-blind studies

20. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Randomization Cluster Partially randomized patient preference design Randomized consent design

21. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Experimental Designs After-only (posttest-only) design Before–after (pretest–posttest) design Factorial design Crossover (repeated measures) design

22. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Symbolic Representation of a Pretest– Posttest Experimental Design RO 1 XO 2 RO 1 O 2 R = Randomization O = An observation or measurement X = An intervention

23. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factorial Designs Two or more variables are manipulated simultaneously Test both main effects and interaction effects Randomized block design Crossover design

24. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quasi-Experimental and Preexperimental Designs Nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest design (quasi- experimental) O 1 XO 2 O 1 O 2 Nonequivalent control group posttest-only design (preexperimental) XO O One group pretest-posttest design (preexperimental) O 1 XO 2

25. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quasi-Experimental Designs Time series design Nonequivalent control group before–after design

26. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Time Series Design O 1 O 2 O 3 O 4 X O 5 O 6 O 7 O 8

27. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Other Quasi-Experimental Designs Regression discontinuity design Quasi-experimental dose-response analyses Quasi-experimental (nonrandomized) arms of a PRPP randomization design

28. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nonexperimental (or Observational) Research Descriptive research Correlational studies

29. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Designs of Correlational Studies Retrospective (case-control) design Prospective (cohort) designs Natural experiments Path analytic studies

30. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Descriptive Studies Prevalence studies Incidence studies