1. Introduction To Anatomy & Physiology
Characteristics of Living Things
The Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology
Levels of Organization
Introduction to Organ Systems
Homeostasis & System Integration
Regions of the Human Body
Sectional Planes & Anatomical Directions
Body Cavities

2. Introduction Characteristics of Living Things
The Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology
Levels of Organization 2

3. Learning Objectives Describe the basic functions of living organisms
Define anatomy & physiology & list several subdisciplines of each
Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms from the simplest to the most complex Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms from the simplest to the most complex 3

4. Characteristics Of Living Things
Ordered Structure
Response to Stimuli
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolic Activity

5. Ordered Structure

6. Responsiveness

7. Growth & Differentiation

8. Reproduction
Second Step
First Step

9. Movement

10. Metabolism
& Excretion

11. Metabolism
The sum of all biochemical processes within the human body.
Anabolism:
The synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler precursors.
Requires energy. Endergonic
Catabolism:
The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler components.
Releases energy. Exergonic  

12. Subdisciplines of Anatomy & Physiology
Microscopic Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Physiology
Cell Physiology
Special Physiology
Systemic Physiology
Pathological Physiology

13. Anatomical Disciplines
Microscopic Anatomy:
Cytology:
Study of cell structure.
Ex: muscle cell.
Histology:
Study of tissue structure.
Ex: muscle tissue – muscle cells; satellite cells; nerve cells; etc.

14. Anatomical Disciplines
Gross Anatomy:
Surface Anatomy:
Study of general form & superficial markings.
Ex: tooth alignment, body contour, distribution of hair.
Regional Anatomy:
Study of specific body areas.
Ex: head; foot; abdomen; etc.

15. Anatomical Disciplines
Gross Anatomy:
Systemic Anatomy:
Study of organ systems:
Ex: cardiovascular system; urinary system; respiratory system.
Developmental Anatomy:
Study of form changes between conception & physical maturity
Ex: embryonic development; fetal development; sexual development.

16. Physiological Disciplines
Cell Physiology:
Study of chemical/molecular processes within cells & chemical interaction between cells.
Ex: stem cell research; oncology research.
Special Physiology:
Study of the physiology of specific organs.
Ex: cardiac physiology; renal physiology; gastric physiology.

17. Physiological Disciplines
Systemic Physiology:
Study of the physiology of specific organ systems.
Ex: cardiovascular physiology; respiratory physiology; reproductive physiology.
Pathological Physiology:
Study of the effects of diseases on organ and/or organ system functions.
Ex: tuberculosis; malaria; influenza; AIDS.

18. Levels Of Organization
Subatomic
Atomic
Molecular
Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

19. Atomic Structure Nucleus: Energy Levels: protons: p+ neutrons: n0
Proton / positive charge / plus sign
Atomic Structure
Nucleus:
protons: p+
neutrons: n0
Energy Levels:
electrons: e-
orbitals
Neutron / neutral charge/ no sign
Electron / negative charge / minus sign 19

20. Atomic Level: Atoms are elements with specific properties
Ex: C, H, O, N

21. Molecular Level: Molecules are combinations of atoms
Ex: Actin

22. Organelle Level: Organelles are made up of different molecules
Myosin
Ex: Sarcomere

23. Cellular Level: Cells are composed of various organelles
Ex: Cardiocyte

24. Tissue Level: Tissues are composed of several cell types

25. Organ Level: Organs are composed of various tissue types
(Ch 5-19)

26. Organ System Level: Organ systems are composed of various organs
(Ch 5-12)
(Ch 13-19)

27. Organism Level: Organisms are composed of several organ systems
I sure hope
this dude
is planning
on taking a
break soon!!

28. Introduction to Body Systems
Integumentary System
Skeletal & Muscular Systems
Nervous & Endocrine Systems
Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems
Respiratory System
Digestive & Urinary Systems
Reproductive System

29. Learning Objectives List 11 organ system divisions of the human body
Identify the major component organs of each organ system
Discuss the major functions of each organ system

30. Body System Overview
Major System Organs
Primary System Functions

31. 
Integumentary System
Ch 5
SKIN

32. Integumentary System
PROTECTION Against Environmental Hazards; Helps Control Body Temperature

33. 
Skeletal System
Ch 6
BONES

34. SUPPORT; Protects Tissues; Stores Minerals; Forms Blood;
Skeletal System
SUPPORT; Protects Tissues; Stores Minerals; Forms Blood;
LOCOMOTION

35. 
Muscular System
Ch 7
MUSCLES

36. Movement; Support; Produces Heat
Muscular System
Movement; Support; Produces Heat

37. Nervous System
Ch 8 – 9

38. To Stimuli; COORDINATES Other Organ Systems
Nervous System
Immediate RESPONSE
To Stimuli; COORDINATES Other Organ Systems

39. Endocrine System
Ch 10

40. Directs Long-term Responses Of Other Organ Systems
Endocrine System
Directs Long-term Responses Of Other Organ Systems
COORDINATION & CONTROL

41. Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Ch 11 – 13

42. Cardiovascular System
TRANSPORT
Of Cells & Dissolved Materials: Nutrients, Wastes, Gases

43. Lymphatic System & Immunity
Ch 14

44. Lymphatic System
H2O REGULATION
&
IMMUNITY

45. 
Respiratory System
Ch 15

46. GAS EXCHANGE btw Air & Blood
Respiratory System
GAS EXCHANGE btw Air & Blood

47. 
Digestive System
Ch 16 – 17

48. ABSORPTION Of Nutrients
Digestive System
Food PROCESSING
&
ABSORPTION Of Nutrients

49. 
Urinary System
Ch 18

50. Of Waste, Excess H2O, & Salts
Urinary System
EXCRETION
Of Waste, Excess H2O, & Salts

51. 
Reproductive System
Ch 19

52. PERPETUATION OF THE SPECIES Produces Sex Cells (Sperm) & Hormones
Reproductive System
PERPETUATION OF THE SPECIES
Produces Sex Cells (Sperm) & Hormones ♂

53. PERPETUATION OF THE SPECIES Produces Sex Cells (Eggs) & Hormones
Reproductive System
PERPETUATION OF THE SPECIES
Produces Sex Cells (Eggs) & Hormones ♀

54. System Integration 54

55. So until next time, Adios amoebas!55

56. Homeostasis & System Integration
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback

57. Learning Objectives
Explain the concept of homeostasis and its significance to living things
Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation

58. Homeostasis The steady-state physiological condition of a body
The automatic tendency to maintain constant internal conditions despite changes in the external environment
Maintained by feedback mechanisms – especially feedback inhibition 58

59. Homeostasis: A Regulatory Process59

60. Negative Feedback Mechanism & Homeostasis60

61. BLOOD LIVER GLYCOGEN C6H12O6 Control of Blood Sugar Pancreas β Cells
insulin
diet
LIVER
GLYCOGEN
BLOOD
C6H12O6
fast
Pancreas
α Cells
glucagon 61

62. Regulatory Mechanisms
Negative feedback
Feedback inhibition: increasing amounts of an end product in a chemical synthesis pathway causes the reaction to slow down or stop
Positive feedback
Increasing amounts of an end product in a chemical synthesis pathway causes the reaction to speed up 62

63. Negative Feedback
An anabolic biosynthetic pathway produces a chemical product.
The product interacts negatively with a catalytic enzyme in the pathway.
As more product is produced, synthesis of product is reduced.
Note:
less product = more production of product.
More product = less production of product. 63

64. Positive Feedback
An anabolic biosynthetic pathway produces a chemical product.
The product interacts positively with a catalytic enzyme in the pathway.
As more product is produced, synthesis of product is increased.
Note:
less product = less production of product.
More product = more production of product. 64

65. Positive Feedback Mechanism & Homeostasis65

66. Reference Frames & Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy: Anatomical Landmarks & Body Regions
Sectional Anatomy: Dissection Planes & Body Sections
Body Cavities
Anatomical Directions

67. Learning Objectives Use anatomical terms to describe body regions
Use anatomical terms to describe body sections & relative positions
Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions

68. Anatomical Terminology
Many students already know:
Facial
Nasal
Oral
Pectoral
Abdominal
Carpal
Femoral
Pelvic
Pubic
Mammary
face
nose
mouth
chest
abdomen/stomach
wrist
thigh
above genital region
genital region
breast

69. Anatomical Terminology
All students should know:
Previous list…..+
Cranial
Buccal
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Brachial
Antebrachial
top of head
cheek
chin
neck
chest
armpit
upper arm
lower arm

70. Anatomical Terminology
All students should know:
Previous list…..+
Digital
Phalangeal
Dorsal
Lumbar
Gluteal
Crural
Sural
Tarsal
fingers or toes
finger or toe parts
back (upper)
lower back
buttocks
lower leg (front)
lower leg (calf)
ankle

71. Anatomical Terminology
All students should know:
Previous list…..+
Cephalic
Frontal
Inguinal
Manual
Palmar
Pedal
Plantar
Calcaneal
head
forehead
groin
hand
palm
foot
sole
heel

72. Anterior Anatomical Landmarks Note the Anatomical Position
Body Regions
Anterior Anatomical Landmarks
Note the Anatomical Position

73. Posterior Anatomical Landmarks Note the Anatomical Position
Body Regions
Posterior Anatomical Landmarks
Note the Anatomical Position

74. Abdominalpelvic Quadrants

75. So until next time, Adios amoebas!75

76. Sectional Anatomy Sectional Planes Sagittal Planes:
Coronal plane: usually referencing the head
Sagittal Planes:
Midsagittal (shown)
Parasagittal (not shown)
Sectional Planes

77. Sectional Anatomy
Sectional Planes

78. Anatomical Directions

79. Anatomical Directions
Superficial
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
Deep

80. Anatomical Directions
Parietal
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
Visceral

81. Anatomical Directions
Cortical
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
Medullary

82. Body Cavities
Body Cavities 82

83. Body Cavities
Body Cavities 83

84. Body Cavity Relationships84

85. So until next time, Adios amoebas!