1. 37–2 Blood and the Lymphatic System
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Blood is a connective tissue that contains both dissolved substances and specialized cells.
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The functions of blood include:
collecting oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive tract, and waste products from tissues.
regulating the body’s internal environment.
helping to fight infections.
forming clots to repair damaged blood vessels.
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Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
The body has 4–6 liters of blood.
About 45% of blood volume is cells.
The other 55% is plasma—a straw-colored fluid.
Plasma is 90% water and 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and plasma proteins.
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Blood Plasma
Plasma proteins are divided into three groups:
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
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Blood Plasma
Text p. 951
Blood Composition
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Blood consists of plasma, blood cells, nutrients, hormones, waste products, and plasma proteins.
Red blood cell
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged
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Blood Plasma
Albumins and globulins transport substances such as fatty acids, hormones, and vitamins.
Albumins regulate osmotic pressure and blood volume.
Some globulins fight viral and bacterial infections.
Fibrinogen is the protein that clots blood.
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Blood Cells
Blood Cells
The cellular portion of blood consists of:
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
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Blood Cells
What is the function of each type of blood cell?
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Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells 
The most numerous cells in the blood are the red blood cells.
Red blood cells transport oxygen.
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Blood Cells
Red blood cells get their color from hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues of the body.
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Blood Cells
Red blood cells look like disks that are thinner in the center.
They are produced in red bone marrow.
They have no nuclei.
They live for about 120 days.
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Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
White blood cells do not contain hemoglobin.
They are less common than red cells.
White blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
They contain nuclei.
White blood cells may live for days, months, or years.
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Blood Cells
White blood cells are the “army” of the circulatory system—they
guard against infection,
fight parasites,
attack bacteria.
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Blood Cells
There are many types of white blood cells.
Phagocytes engulf and digest bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms.
Some white blood cells release histamines.
Histamines increase blood flow into the affected area, producing redness and swelling.
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Blood Cells
Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Antibodies are essential to fighting infection and help to produce immunity to many diseases.
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Blood Cells
Platelets and Blood Clotting 
The body has an internal mechanism to slow bleeding and begin healing.
Bleeding stops because blood has the ability to form a clot.    
Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and platelets.
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Blood Cells
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Blood clotting is made possible by a number of plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets.
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Blood Cells
Blood clotting is made possible by a number of plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets.
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Blood Cells
Blood clotting is made possible by a number of plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets.
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Blood Cells
Blood Clotting Problems
If one of the clotting factors is missing or defective, the clotting process does not work well.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that results from a defective protein in the clotting pathway.
Hemophiliacs cannot produce blood clots that are firm enough to stop even minor bleeding.
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The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System
As blood circulates, some fluid leaks into surrounding tissues.
This helps maintain movement of nutrients and salts from the blood into the tissues.
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The Lymphatic System
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system.
The fluid is known as lymph.
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The Lymphatic System
Superior vena cava
The Lymphatic System
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
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Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
The lymphatic system collects and returns fluid that leaks from blood vessels. The spleen is an organ whose main function is to destroy damaged red blood cells and platelets. Certain white blood cells called T cells mature in the thymus gland, which produces hormones that promote their development.
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The Lymphatic System
Lymph collects in lymphatic capillaries and flows into larger lymph vessels.
Ducts collect the lymph and return it to the circulatory system through two openings in the superior vena cava.
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The Lymphatic System
Along lymph vessels are enlargements called lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes trap disease-causing microorganisms.
When large numbers of microorganisms are trapped in the lymph nodes, the nodes become enlarged.
Edema is a swelling of tissues due to accumulation of fluid when lymphatic vessels are blocked from injury or disease.
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37–2
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37–2
The plasma protein that is responsible for blood clotting is
albumin.
fibrinogen.
globulin.
hemoglobin.
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37–2
White blood cells that engulf and digest foreign cells are known as
phagocytes.
platelets.
antibodies.
thrombocytes.
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37–2
Blood cells that do not have nuclei and are produced by the red bone marrow are
red blood cells.
lymphocytes.
platelets.
phagocytes.
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37–2
The function of platelets is to
assist red blood cells in carrying oxygen.
destroy viruses and bacteria.
initiate the blood clotting process.
keep capillaries open so blood can flow freely through.
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37–2
The function of lymph nodes is to
trap bacteria and viruses that cause disease.
produce antibodies.
manufacture new red and white blood cells.
store fat.
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