1. Grid Discovery and Monitoring Systems Laura Pearlman USC/Information Sciences Institute With materials from Ben Clifford and others from the Globus Project Team

2. Outline l Overview of information systems l Some real implementations u Globus MDS2 / BDII u Globus MDS4 u Inca u GMA / R-GMA

3. Discovery and Monitoring l Discovery: finding resources that exist, at any moment, possibly meeting some criteria u E.g., “find linux boxes with Java 1.5 installed” l Monitoring: determining the state of one or more resources u E.g., “how much memory is free on machine X”? l “Monitoring” and “Discovery” information sometimes overlap u “find me machines with 2G memory” vs. “how much memory does Machine X have”

4. Examples of Useful Information l Characteristics of a compute resource u Software available, networks connected to, load, type of CPU, disk space l Characteristics of a network u Bandwidth and latency, protocols l Information about a service u Contact info, version number, etc.

5. Who uses this information? l Individual users, trying to pick the ‘best’ resource l Brokers or workflow systems trying to find suitable resources l VO administrators who want to know the state of every resource. u System administrators may use this information, but probably also have local site monitoring systems in place

6. What Interfaces are Needed? l Graphic and command-line interfaces for individual users and administrators l Programmatic interfaces for brokers, workflow systems, etc. l Asynchronous notifications for administrators u “send me mail when we’re almost out of disk space”

7. Monitoring/Discovery Problems in Grids l Dynamic in nature u VOs come and go u Resources join and leave VOs u Resources change status and fail l Geographically distributed users l Geographically distributed resources l Heterogeneous implementations

8. Grid Information: Facts of Life l Information is always old l Distributed state hard to obtain l Components will fail u We must deal with this gracefully l Scalability and overhead l Many different usage scenarios

9. Resource Discovery/Monitoring l Distributed users and resources l Variable resource status l Variable grouping R R R R R R ? ? R R R R RR R RR ? ? R R R dispersed users VO-AVO-B network R R

10. Resource Discovery/Monitoring l Some resources have failed l A network partition has occurred l Still, some work can get done… R R R R R R ? ? R R R R RR R RR ? ? R R R R R dispersed users VO-AVO-B network

11. Scalability l Large numbers u Many resources u Many users l Independence u Resources shouldn’t affect one another u VOs shouldn’t affect one another l Graceful degradation of service u “As much function as possible” u Tolerate partitions, prune failures

12. Failure Scenarios l User is disconnected l Resource fails or is disconnected l Discovery service fails or is disconnected l Network partition

13. When a user is disconnected l This should not adversely affect other users l Some state (such as the user’s subscriptions) may need to be cleaned up. l Some systems use soft-state to deal with this issue: u Subscriptions are valid for a limited time and must be periodically refreshed u If the user does not come back in time to refresh the subscription, it will be removed automatically.

14. When a resource disappears l Monitoring services should indicate that the resource is no longer there l Discovery services should stop advertising the resource l Neither of these can be gauranteed to happen instantaneously.

15. When a discovery service dies l Users cannot discover new resources. l They may have old information cached – this data is still useful, although it degrates in quality/usefulness. l Users can contact the resources directly and determine their status. l Some implementations allow for mirroring of discovery services.

16. When the network is partitioned l This could be seen as a generalization of some the previous scenarios – all of the previous scenarios can be modelled as appropriate network partitions. l If there is a discovery service in a user’s partition, the user should be able to discover resources in that partition.

17. Information Systems l We sometimes refer to Discovery and Monitoring as “Information Systems” u This is misleading, as we’re not including general-purpose database systems l Discovery and Monitoring information is: u Often stale as soon as it’s reported u Sometimes inconsistent u Often updated by running probes, either on-demand or periodically

18. Discovery Services l Used to locate monitoring services with information about resources. l May cache some resource data u May even cache enough resource data to act as a monitoring system. l Generally involve a database-like query interface u Languages like ldap, xpath, sql l Usually a relatively small number (maybe even just one, or one with a mirror) are deployed in a VO.

19. Two Models for Discovery Services Discovery Service Monitoring Service Monitoring & Discovery Service Monitoring Service Monitoring Service Monitoring Service Monitoring Service Monitoring Service

20. Monitoring Services l Used to monitor the state of a resource l Service interface usually involves db-like queries u With languages like ldap, xpath, sql u Often also provides for asynchronous notification l Typically also includes a back-end provider interface u Allows locally-written scripts, programs, etc. to collect information for the monitoring service l Typically deployed on each host that houses a resource.

21. How Different Implementations Differ l Overall architecture u Are monitoring and discovery separate? l Wire protocol u LDAP, Web Services, custom l Query Language u LDAP, Xpath, SQL l Caching Strategies l Schemas u Really more a deployment issue

22. MDS2 / BDII history l MDS2 was developed as part of the Globus Toolkit u It’s now superseded by MDS4, which has a different architecture. l BDII is a reimplementation of MDS2 by EGEE, and is still in use.

23. MDS2 Architecture Overview l The Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS) collects information about a local resource and responds to requests for that information u Uses pluggable information providers l The Grid Index Information Service (GIIS) aggregates information from various GRIS servers l Users may query the GIIS for aggregated information or query the GRIS servers directly. l GIIS servers may be arranged hierarchically.

24. MDS2 Architecture GRIS IP GRIS IP GRIS IP GIIS

25. MDS2 GIIS l Grid Index Information Service (GIIS) servers aggregate information from GRIS servers and other GIIS servers. u These other servers register themselves to the GIIS server. u Registrations must be periodically refreshed l GIIS servers cache information (results from previous queries). l If a GIIS server receives a query for which there is no fresh cached information, it forwards the query to its registered servers.

26. MDS2 GRIS l A Grid Resource Information Server (GRIS): u Runs on each host that has resources to be monitored. u Accepts requests for information about local resources l May come from users or GIIS servers u Runs a local “information provider” to collect and format the information l Unless the requested information is cached and relatively fresh u Caches the information and replies to the request

27. MDS2 Query Language l Both the GIIS and GRIS servers use LDAP as the service protocol and query language.

28. LDAP Basics l Hierarchical data model l Each entry has a distinguished name and a set of attribute/value pairs l Distinguished name u Is a collection of name-value pairs u Must be unique u Determines the entry’s place in the hierarchy l Each entry’s DN must include its parent’s DN l Queries u Can search on attributes or DNs u Results can include children (or not) or include only certain attributes.

29. MDS4 Overview l MDS4 is a redesign of MDS l The MDS4 Index Service acts as both a monitoring and discovery service. u Uses WSRF standard resource property queries as its query interface. l A second monitoring service, the MDS4 Trigger Service, examines aggregated information and takes action when certain conditions are met. u E.g., “send email when a remote system appears to be down”. l MDS4 uses WSRF standards for its query and registration interfaces.

30. WS-Resource Review l A WS-Resource is a Web Service that exposes internal state as Resource Properties u An XML element of arbitrary complexity l Each WS-Resource has a Resource Property Document u An XML document that includes all its Resource Properties l Example: The WS-GRAM service advertises information about its associated queues and clusters as a resource property.

31. Retrieving Resource Properties l GetResourceProperty u Gets a single named resource property l GetMultipleResourceProperties u Gets a set of named resource properties l QueryResourceProperty u Returns the results of a query against a resource’s resource property set l Subscription/notification u Clients subscribe and get periodic or occasional notifications

32. What this means… l Standard requests can be used to get state information from any WS-Resource. l This means that every WS-Resource is also a monitoring service! u But not necessarily monitoring anything (i.e., providing any interesting state) l We sometimes want information from sources other than WS Resources u Non-WSRF services u General system information u Catalogues of installed software

33. Service Groups Review l A service group is a service that represents a group of other services or resources l Service groups contain Service Group Entries (SGEs), which consist of: u The address of the SGE itself, u The address of the Service Group that the SGE belongs to, and u A Content element consisting of arbitrarily-formatted data l SGEs are created via the Service Group Add request

34. The MDS4 Index Service l Acts as a Discovery Service u Gathers information from other WS- Resources u Including other Index Servers l Acts as a Monitoring Service u Caches all the information it gathers u Also has a pluggable interface for Information Providers l Programs or Java classes that gather information

35. An MDS4 Index Deployment Index GRAMRFT Index GRAMRFT Index IP

36. The MDS4 Index Data Model l The Index Service keeps its data as a Service Group u Registering a new resource to be monitored is accomplished by adding a service group entry to the service group. l The data in each SGE contains both: u Configuration information l E.g., “query the X resource property from server Y” u and the actual collected data.

37. Index Data Model (simplified) Index Service Group SGE SG EPRSGE EPRContent ConfigData GLUECE QueueCluster NameStateNameOS RPEPR GetRP

38. Data Model continued l In the Index Service data model, data is grouped with its configuration information l Can have the “same” data two different places in the tree, if it was acquired from two different information sources. u E.g., information about a host’s load average from two different GRAM servers running on that host. l Relatively easy to find where each piece of data came from.

39. How the Index Updates its Data l Periodically, the Index Service examines each SGE in its Service Group l If the SGE’s registration has expired and not been renewed, it is destroyed. l Otherwise, the Index u looks at the Config part of the SGE content, u gathers data as specified by that config information, and u updates the data in the Data part of the SGE content l Data is updated periodically, not on demand.

40. Querying the Index Service l The Index Service advertises its service group as a resource property u You can fetch the whole thing with GetRP or GetMultipleRPs u Most people use QueryRP to query it. l QueryRP allows you to specify a dialect and a query u Currently, only Xpath is supported as a dialect

41. XPath Queries l Search an XML document and return some subset of the XML entities. l If an entity is included in the results, it’s included in its entirety u Unlike LDAP, no way to leave out attributes or children

42. MDS4 Trigger Service l A second monitoring service in MDS4 l The Index is geared more towards queries intended for resource location and selection. l The Trigger service is intended to alert people to problems. u Can be configured to take action (e.g., send mail to an administrator) when issues arise.

43. MDS4 Trigger Service l Maintains information in a service group, like the Index Service l SGE config information also includes an xpath query and an action u The action is the name of a program to run. l Periodically, the trigger service looks at each SGE in its servicegroup: u It evaluates the SGE’s xpath query against the SGE’s data. u If the query returns true, it runs the program specified by the action.

44. MDS4 WebMDS l Provides a simple HTTP interface to query an MDS Index Service u Really, to query resource properties of any WS-Resource l Optionally applies XSLT transforms to the query results. l Designed as a user interface, to be used with a web browser u But some people are using it to provide a REST-like interface to MDS4.

45. INCA l Monitoring system developed at SDSC l Users define tests for Inca to run. l Inca runs them and stores the results in a database. l Users can view the results on a web page. l Can be configured to send mail if tests fail, etc. l Can run tests using the user’s credentials

46. From the Inca 2.1 User’s Guide, http://inca.sdsc.edu/releases/2.1/guide/userguide.html

47. Inca Query Interface l Uses an SQL database internally l End-users can query using a web page or receive notifications via email. l A web-services interface is also available u Uses a custom query language l Overall a nice monitoring/testing framework l Not designed as a discovery service

48. GMA (Grid Monitoring Architecture) l Proposed architecture with three components: u Producers produce information u Consumers consume information u Directories keep track of what information is available l what producers can be queried, not the actual data Diagram from “A Grid Monitoring Architecture”, B. Tierney et al., http://www- didc.lbl.gov/GGF-PERF/GMA-WG/papers/GWD-GP-16-2.pdf

49. R-GMA l Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture l Implements the GMA model u Except that users never interact with the directory service (called a “registry” in R- GMA) u A consumer service does that instead, and users query the consumer service. l Uses SQL as its query language.

50. An R-GMA Query Diagram from “R-GMA: Architectural Design” at http://www.r-gma.org/arch- consumers.html Client sends SQL query to Consumer Service Consumer Service contacts registry for list of producers to contact Consumer service queries producers and buffers results Client retrieves results from consumer service

51. For More Information l Globus: http://www.globus.orghttp://www.globus.org l Inca: http://inca.sdsc.eduhttp://inca.sdsc.edu l R-GMA: http://www.r-gma.orghttp://www.r-gma.org l XML / Xpath / XSLT: http://www.w3c.orghttp://www.w3c.org